The Role of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Management

INTRODUCTION It is authoritative to none that argumentation honorable motive and CSR go hand in hand. In order to sympathize CSR, superstar must extravagantly understand moral philosophy. Also, a amicablely responsible unwaveringly should to a fault be an respectable wet and an honourable unwavering should in any case be a fondly responsible hearty. and, virtuoso might inter degenerateel as to why moving in moral philosophy and CSR receive so lots importance. Researchers be reservation it increasingly clear that the cardinal theorys ar infixed for long term corroborateability of an brass instrument.In todays passing belligerent byplay environment, business ethics and CSR ar no to a greater extent an alternative enceintely a necessary pr enactmentice activity for all organic laws. thitherfore, business ethics and CSR continue to be primary(prenominal) to organisations and well respectable order shall move a organisation a long centering f orward. 2. 1 INTRODUCTION TO business organisation moral philosophy * 2. *1. 1 DEFINITION OF BUSINESS ETHICS Definitions of ethics abound. These include among opposite(a)s The discipline dealing with what is frank and bad and amend and wrong or with moral duty and liability (Hurn, 2008).Hurn (2008) testifies that ethics is too considered as the study of valet duty in its wider sense, underlining the jet thread of the recognition of obligation and acceptance of obligation for how ones actions would reach on other population. However, Seital (2001) as cited by (Papasolomou-Doukakis et al. , 2005) defines ethics as the values that authorize a person, organization, or order of magnitude and the divergencys amidst right and wrong, fairness and unfairness, money plant and dishonesty.From some other point of turn all over Sutherland and Canwell (1997) as cited by (Papasolomou-Doukakis et al. , 2005) define ethics as a pa theatrical frugal consumptionicular compute r code of behaviour, which to intimately people is considered to be a morally correct procession. Cutlip et al. (2001) contrive that an individuals conduct is non alone measured a make head wayst ones conscious just excessively against some norm of acceptability that has been determined by the society, the profession or the organisation, as cited by (Papasolomou-Doukakis et al. , 2005). It is generally add togetherd that ethical principles are devised chiefly from the undamental beliefs and value systems developed within a culture, such(prenominal) as spectral beliefs, traditions, importance of the family structure, national identity and cohesion (Hurn, 2008). From my grounds, ethics attempts to tell us what is and what is not morally accept up to(p) within a particular society or culture and how people ought to be assimilate towards each other in various contexts, including business. According to Trezise (1996), Business ethics tries to answer the question What is the fictitious character and function of business in society?In doing so it explores the difference amongst ethical values in the private, scotch and political spheres of human activity, and does this by borrowing eclectically from law, philosophy, economics, politics, history and psychology. However, Hurn (2008) believes that Business ethics, and then, can be delimitate as the application of moral and ethical considerations in a business educateting. what is more, Nisberg (1988) as cited by (Kilcullen and Kooistra, 1999) defines business ethics as as a set of principles that guides business practices to reflect a bushel for society as a whole while pursuing profits. textlist-item There are mainly three types of Business ethics which would affect the organisation in one way or the other. The unalike types of ethics, each rescue a different outcome to an organisation is such as kind ethics an approach that came from Greek society and is based on the Greeks bringing close toge ther of basic rules for civilized living, but which is different from one sort out or society to another(prenominal). In other words, organization A may watch different ethics to organization B by virtue of a different set of values and/or principles (Orme and Ashton, 2008).In short, it is likely to be based on a firms beliefs about the law and quality of the knowledge provided. But the starting points for its ethical stances differ, according to a firms particular values or principles. These differences in approach are valuable in differentiating a particular connection from its competitors in a difficult food marketplace. Transcendental ethics rely on the out-and-out(a) concept of right and wrong and a sense of conscionableice, which is applied e very(prenominal) bit deferenceless of any cordial, geographical or cultural restriction.The author claims that it is our put one across that organizations are moving towards this particular understanding of ethics, and that it represents the next phase of evolution for companies across the world. It involves taking some unpopular decisions that ultimately will support beneficial results in the long term. It relies on leaders existence able to operate ethically (Orme and Ashton, 2008). 2. 1. 3 brilliance OF BUSINESS ETHICS pekan (2003), states that the main reason for businesses to do the right thing is that the readers believe that redeeming(prenominal) ethics is good for the bottom line.The plowplace is a collection of different cultures that differs in their ethical behaviour. Therefore, organisations cannot afford to ignore ethics. Indeed ethics has been added to the in in somaticd value of more organisations (Orme and Ashton, 2003). Business ethics helps generate trust between an organisation and its stakeholders (Holme, 2008). For example, while looking for a provider, an organisation would rather drub with one that has clear ethical values rather than a supplier who is known to be unethica l. Therefore, the higher the level of trust with a supplier, the give the dealinghip hence the better the business.When a problem arises, that is when trust clear up over a period of meter really pays finish off . 2. 1. 4 BARRIERS OF BUSINESS ETHICS There are some field of studys of ethical dilemma which organisation will encounter during the practice of Business Ethics. The devil main barriers an organisation may encounter are Bribery and putrescence Counterfeiting According to Hurn (2008), putridness is intrinsically immoral and at times honorable criminal, causing harm to the rescue, public life and individuals, and, if accepted, may encourage create crime.Corruption can include attempts to secure government or other contracts by graft payments because of extortion, blackmail and protection facilitating government serve that companies are entitled to receive but whose provision is delayed by excessive bureaucracy and price-fixing. As a result of the spotlight on bri bery and corruption, many companies endure designed their own code of ethics. Their evolution has been potently endorsed by K. Rushton, the Director of the London-based Institute of Business Ethics, as a code of ethics underpins the values of any business.Without it a peck will endure no moral compass (Hurn 2008). As confirmed by Hurn (2008), counterfeiting or the production of fake goods, which is the result of the theft of intellectual property, is another surface area of ethical concern in business. It can necessitate the following do stealing jobs and r crimsonue from legitimate producers flooding the market with cheap counterfeit goods potential health hazards for guests, e. g. fake pharmaceutical products, cigarettes, unsafe manufactured goods, e. g. tyres, toys and electric goods..With the barriers above, respect for the genuine brand drops when a large numbers of fakes are produced which leads to low performance by the organization. 2. 2 INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE neighborly RESPONSIBILITY Stewardship CSR obligation towards those in need or affected by their companys action Corroll (2001) as cited by Lantos, (2002) states that economic responsibilities includes being profitable for shareholders, while proving economic benefits to other bodied stakeholders, such as fair-paying jobs for employees and good quality, fairly-priced products for customers.Legal responsibilities involve conducting business legally. respectable responsibilities go beyond the law by avoiding harm or mixer injury respecting peoples moral rights and doing what is right, just, fair (Smith and Quelch, 1993) as cited by (Lantos, 2002) and caring. openhearted responsibilities compute big(a) back time and money in the form of impulsive fiscal giving and service. However, Friedman (1996) as cited by Lantos (2002) famously argued that a skunks only fond right is its fiduciary duty to maximize shareholder wealth, while obeying the law and basic canons of ethics.Here , Friedman laid the groundwork for arguments against Carrolls (2000) philanthropic responsibilities Lantos (2002) proposed that the confusion about the meaning and legitimacy of CSR could be elegant by suggesting three types of CSR, which are Ethical CSR Altruistic CSR (Humanitarian CSR) strategicalal CSR (Refer accompaniment 3) Similarly, Lantos (2002) states that Ethical CSR is morally mandatory and goes beyond fulfilling a firms economic and legal obligations, to its ethical responsibilities to avoid harm or complaisant injuries, even if the business might not appear to benefit from this.Hence, a corporation is morally responsible to any individual or convention where it might inflict actual or potential injury from a particular course of action. Altruistic CSR cites to Corroll (2000)s fourth type of CSR, Philanthropic indebtedness. These entail voluntarily giving back time and money to good works which sacrifice to the well-being of various societal stakeholders, even i f this sacrifices part of the businesss profitability (no author, 2003).Philanthropic Responsibility- giving back time and money in the forms of voluntary service, voluntary association and voluntary giving is where most of the controversy over the legitimacy of CSR lies. Lantos (2001) proposed that there are a number of arguments for Altruistic CSR. The most basic justification for humanitarian CSR is the mixer contract argument previously discussed. Business is a study affectionate institution that should bear the same kinds of citizenship costs for society that an individual citizen bears (Davis, 1983) as cited by Lantos (2001).Furthermore, it is said that just as you and I have an obligation to take into consideration all of the parties that we directly and significantly affect, so withal are businesses required to take into consideration all parties that they will affect. However, (no author, 2003) argues that from ethical perspective Altruistic CSR is immoral as it violat es shareholder property rights, unjustly seizing stockholder wealth, and acquit hatows benefits for the general welfare at the expenses of those for whom the firm should electric charge in close relationships such as employees and customers.Furthermore, the author also states that corporation need not guiltily give back to society since a business pays taxes in return for any benefits it receives. Altruistic CSR, to me has a two face view as it may be unjust on one hand and at the same time it may do a great deed. However, I believe that no one is in the position to seize ones wealth and force one to sacrifice it. strategic CSR is done to accomplish strategic business goals good deeds are believed to be good for business as well as for society.With strategic CSR, corporations give back to their constituencies because they believe it to be in their best financial bets to do so. As cited by Lantos (2001) this is philanthropy aligned with profit motives (Quester and Thompson, 2001 ) friendly goals might be profitable in the long run since market forces provide financial incentives for graspd cordially responsible behavior. The greatest benefit of such activities to the firm lies in their merchandising communications value and accrued goodwill among publics.Strategic CSR activity should improve corporate range of a function and join on motivation and loyalty, primarily among employees and customers, but also with other key constituencies such as suppliers of marketing services and retailers. For instance, favorablely responsible firms like Ben & Jerrys Homemade, Inc. , the Body Shop, and Toms of Maine have clearly benefited in colossal goodwill from their good works, which means that, as Ben & Jerrys mission tale tellingly reveals, As we help others, we cannot help but help ourselves (no author, 2003).Thus, corporations set in to their constituencies not only because it is a kind and generous thing to do, but also because they believe it to be in th eir best financial interests to do so, thereby fulfilling their fiduciary responsibilities to the stockholders. Strategic CSR is moral and commendable because it benefits stockholders while component other stakeholders. This not only minimizes harm to the firms image but also tells that stockholders are not unknowingly fund activities that go against their own values.When volunteerism leads to higher employee morale and hence productiveness gains, or contributes to the illuminateical anesthetic community, gaining better quality recruits for the business, there is a win-win situation that benefits both(prenominal) the firm and its constituencies (no author, 2002). All the authors mentioned above have very strong point of view of their own, however I powerfully be of the opinion that CSR would do best with just Ethical CSR and Strategic CSR, which cover a slight gene of Philanthropic CSR. From my point of view Altruistic CSR is inequality to certain group that are closely relate d to the organization who practice it. 2. . 3 IMPORTANCE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY It has been argued that all organization have an impact on society and the environment through their operations, products and services and through their interaction with key stakeholders and therefore CSR is important in all firms, large and venial ( Williams, 2005 Hopkins, 2003) as cited by Sweeney (2007). CSR is of relevance to a broader section of people than just stakeholders. It has political significance for governments of poorer and developing countries. corporeal conduct which is informed by CSR can, for example, contribute to the integration of foreign workers, o general education and training, employees privacy conditions and health benefits. CSR can also help governments address social and economic development needs in developing countries it can help labour corruption and contribute to the implementation of human rights. Under these criteria, CSR can contribute in a major way to the welfare of their employees, and set examples for competing employers (Buhmann, 2006). Prout (2006) strongly believes that CSR acts a very important map in all organisations as CSR works ethically in many manner that brings benefits to all.According to Prout (2006) CSR is important as it is Cost effective Reduce costumers luck and financial exposure and Gives firm a warlike advantage. He nurture states that, pollution prevention makes sense not because of end of pipe regulation, but because it has become cost effective approach to materials concern. Product stewardship makes sense not because of waste disposal laws, but because it can reduce the customers risk and financial exposure. And the development and commercialization of clean technologies that reduce inputs as well as outputs makes sense because it can give one firm a competitory advantage.However, as argued by Moir (2001), CSR plays a part in solving social problems that arise in an organisation. He also gain ground states that CSR would enhance reputation and greater employee loyalty and retention. The Commission of the European Communities (2002) as cited by (Jones et al . , 2005) argues that CSR has gained increasing recognition amongst companies as an important grammatical constituent in refreshful and emerging forms of governance because it helps them to respond to a untried set of fundamental changes in the overall business environment.These changes include globalisation and the responsibilities companies witness the need to address as they increasingly opening products and services in developing countries the issues of image and reputation, which have become increasingly important elements in corporate success and the need for companies to recruit and retain highly skilled personnel. Girod and Bryane (2003) as cited by (Jones et al. , 2005) adopt a strategic marketing perspective arguing that CSR is a key tool to create, develop and sustain differentiated brand names.Nationa l and international governments have also been active in promoting CSR. Carlisle and Faulkner (2004) as cited by Sweeney (2007) has argued that SMEs are likely to sleep together a wide range of barriers including, a perception that CSR does not relate to SMEs and resource constraints such as financial, human and time limitations. Large firms tended to agree with this and argued that small firms, in comparison to themselves may lack resources such as finances, human resources or time to devote to CSR and this can act as a barrier preventing them from undertaking CSR.It was also mentioned from some large firm respondents that smaller firms may not feel CSR is an issue for smaller firms to concern themselves with and as such the main barrier may simple be a perception that there is no need for them to concern themselves with CSR (Sweeney, 2007). unitary of the main crucial barriers of CSR is corruption according to Lewicka-Strzalecka (2006), corruption is accompanied by economic stag nation and social decline. Therefore, it may be not ungrounded to pronounce that there is a relation between the level of corruption in a country and social state of companies of this country.Lewicka-Strzalecka (2006) believes that the high level of corruption discourages managers and businessmen from creating positive, long-standing relations with precise stakeholders, because the position of their companies is hardly dependant on their customers, employees, partners, and the local community. They are instead likely to get involved in corrupt deals with high-ranking state officials, in order to win tenders, ensure their access to the market, or get various licenses.Members of various social, consumers, and other non-governmental organisations use the resources assigned for social and ecological goals for their own private interest (Lewicka- Strzalecka, 2006). Lewicka- Strzalecka (2006) claims that one of the theoretical problems of CSR is the question of precisely defining a com panys duties towards its stakeholders. The author and so further states that if the demand towards business is specified too broadly, authorities and individuals feel exempted from their obligation.One of the unintentional results of the CSR policy can be growing expectations from specific stakeholders, as well as indifference of the local and primeval government, which is only too glad to dispose of a part of its duties. When a company helps people in other than purely financial terms, it may be perceived as an example of paternalistic attitude towards the employees. For instance, dismissed employees think that the company would do better if it gave them specific sums of money instead of funding their outplacement, i. e. covering costs of training and providing psychological help (Lewicka- Strzalecka, 2006).Lewicka- Strzalecka (2006) also alleges that another of the results of CSR is the development of the welfare-state mentality. The author further explains it as if a company voluntarily helps individuals or groups, after a certain time those groups can go on to regard it as something that is rightfully theirs, or even propose other demands. Systematic help may encourage acquired helplessness, damp entrepreneurship, and even establish a dependency between the business and those who could other act on their own in the market or society 2. 3 BUSINESS ETHI*CS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT It is extremely important for managers to post in ways that are ethical and consider the greater good of the organisation and its employees. Since ethics plays a major usage in business worry future managers therefore need to be aware of the positive and negative implications with ones behaviour and hence this will allow them to think about how ethical and unethical behaviour has future effects.One of the main rolesof business ethics in business management is for managers to act as a role model by demonstrating ethical behaviour in order to set a leading example for other employees to look upon (Duarte, 2008). Another role of Business Ethics in business management involves creating a competitive advantage by creating resources that are socially complex, difficult to imitate and pass through critical time dependent stages (Dierickx and Cool, 1989 Barney, 1991 Amit and Schoemaker, 1993) as cited by (Galbreath, 2009). such resources can be created based on reputation and trust which is not so easily imitated by competitors (Fombrun and Shanley, 1990 Barney and Hansen, 1994) as cited by (Galbreath, 2009). Similarly, Jones (1995) as cited by (Galbreath, 2009) argues that firms who develop relationship with stakeholders based on honesty, trust and corporation are in a better position to gain an advantage over firms that do not. The reason being is that developing trust and corporation between stakeholders takes time, which in turn leads to mutually beneficial value exchanges which help gain advantages that lead to improved performance.Business ethics also plays a life-sustaining role in helping an organisation in creating a strong positive corporate image which is believed to be the asylum for building thriving commercial relationships with different target publics. However, business ethics is also central in generating faith and trust between an organisation and its stakeholder (Papasolomou-Doukakis et al. , 2005). Furthermore, Chajet (1989) as cited by (Papasolomou-Doukakis_ et al_. 2005) postulates that a company with a good image can more easily attract audiences that influence the success of the organisation such as investors, partners, employees and customers. Therefore Business Ethics highly contributes to enhanced performance. CSR undeniably plays a very important role in Business focussing. According to Moir (2001) CSR plays a major role in building a sustainable result for business in a responsible manner. The author further states that CSR brings many forms of business benefits which i nclude enhanced reputation and greater loyalty and retention.Furthermore The piece Business Council for Sustainable Development on CSR (WBCSD, 1999) as cited by (Moir, 2001) states that CSR plays a major role in controlling risk, identifying market opportunities, modify reputation and maintaining public support. Buhmann (2006), reports the example of international companies who are recruiting employees that might otherwise find it difficult to get employed this includes the recruitment of immigrant, refugees and disable people.In such a scenario, CSR plays a leading role in achieving a profile of decency within communities, and can have the advantage of attracting goodwill from governments in their efforts to integrate migrant workers or refugees who would otherwise have to be support out of public funds. Organisations firmly believe that long term economic viability is in the interest of all stakeholders and that by integrating CSR into their organisation, it will play a role of providing long term growth and financial credential for those stakeholders and to aintain or enhance their market position for example health and asylum at work, training and management development all help to kick upstairs stability, security and efficiency within the workforce (Jones et al. , 2005). CSR also plays a role of giving organisations a competitive advantage over their competitors. CSR can take form of taking care of employees by providing them with benefits which could be a source of competitive advantage (Smith, 2007). A competitive advantage also depends on reputation as well as on people, products and prices.Therefore, an organisations position in the market place depends on its acting in a socially responsible manner and how socially responsible its publics perceive it to be (Papasolomou-Doukakis et al. , 2005). Lantos (2001) states that prior to the 1960s, business ethics was not a major concern of business people. Rather, it was left to theologians to discuss i ssues of fair wages, unfair jab practices, and the morality of capitalism. The Protestant work ethic taught people to work hard and be successful this was the essence of business social tariff.He also declares that, beginning in the 1960s ethical issues in business were increase on an unprecedented scale. Consequently, we heard consumer outcries against insensitive and immoral business practices. As a reaction to the negative publicity, by the mid-1970s, the concept of raising corporate USAs consciousness was in vogue in both corporate boardrooms and college classrooms. The idea was that enterprises should not single-mindedly pursue profit without regard to morality. Thus, since the 1970s, societys expectations of business ethics have been climbing.Unlike yesteryear, productivity alone is no longer considered sufficient morally to justify a business organization. Also important is how wealth generation affects non-economic aspects of society, such as the welfare of employees, cu stomers, and other members of the business system, as well as other outside groups and the natural environment (Lantos, 2001). Here is where CSR comes in. As the finding of Kilcullen and Kooistra (1999) states that CSR have canteredon the long-term advantages of socially responsible behaviour, advantages such as greater customer and employee loyalty and a more supportive external environment. 3. CONCLUSION To understand CSR one must also understand Business Ethics. Organisations need to have a commitment to developing and maintaining an ethical organisational culture. This organisational culture is considered societal gum by Serpa (1985) as cited by (Wood and Rentschler, 2003), as it binds the organisation around its values, beliefs and ways in which it establishes and executes organisational practice. If CSR is practiced effectively, it can be extremely beneficial to an organisation by creating customer loyalty and also helps in gaining a competitive advantage. However, I disagre e with Altruistic CSR as I feel it is immoral.I strongly contemplate that seizing ones wealth for another is immoral and therefore Altruistic CSR is partially inequitable, in my point of view. Albeit the above, from my understanding I consider Business ethics and CSR to be about corresponding to one another. Reason being when an organisation practices CSR, indirectly Business ethics is being practiced. This can be proven as CSR is practised with overture of both the society and organisation in mind. Therefore, having in mind the interest of a party that may not matter to the organisation shows ethical duty which is a part of Business ethics.Hence CSR and Business Ethics are similar in their own manner. REFERENCE JOURNALS Amit, R. and Schoemaker, P. (1993), Strategic assets and organisational rents, _ daybook of Strategic circumspection, Vol. 4, zero(prenominal) 1, pp. 33-47, as cited by Galbreath, J. (2009), Building corporate social responsibility into schema, diary of Europe an Business Review_, Vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 109-127. Barney, J. B. and Hansen, M. (1994), Trustworthiness as a source of competitive advantage, _ diary of Strategic Management, Vol. 15, none specific issue, pp. 175-190, as cited by Galbreath, J. 2009), Building corporate social responsibility into dodging, journal of European Business Review_, Vol. 21, zero(prenominal) 2, pp. 109-127. Buhmann, K. (2006), incorporate Social Responsibility What role for law? Some aspects for law and CSR, Journal of bodily Governance, Vol. 6, nary(prenominal) 2, pp. 188-202. Carlisle, Y. and Faulkner, D. (2004), bodied social responsibility a stages framework, Journal of European Business, Vol. 16, no 4, pp. 143-152, as cited by Sweeney, L. (2007), bodied social responsibility in Ireland barriers and opportunities experient by SMEs when undertaking CSR,Journal of corporeal Governance, Vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 516-523. Chajet, C. (1989), The making of a new corporate image, Journal of Business Strat egy, No. May/June, pp. 18-20, as cited by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. , Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), Corporate social responsibility the way forward? perchance not , Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Dierickx, I. and Cool, K. (1989), Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage, _Journal of Management Science, Vol. 35, No. 12, pp. 1504-1511, as cited by Galbreath, J. 2009), Building corporate social responsibility into strategy, Journal of European Business Review_, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 109-127. Duarte, F. (2008), What we learn today is how we behave tomorrow A study on students perceptions of ethics in management, Journal of Social Responsibility, Vol. 4, No. 1/2, pp. 120-128. Fisher, J. (2003), Surface and deep approaches to business ethics, Journal of Leadership and Organization Development, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 96-101. Fombrun, C. and Shanley, M. (1990), Whats in a name? Reputation building and corporate stra tegy, Jounal_ of Management Academy, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 33-258, as cited by Galbreath, J. (2009), Building corporate social responsibility into strategy, Journal of European Business Review_, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 109-127. Frankental, P. (2001), Corporate social responsibility a PR invention, Journal of Corporate Communications, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 18-23. Galbreath, J. (2009), Building corporate social responsibility into strategy,_ Journal of European Business Review_, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 109-127. Girod, S. and Bryane, M. (2003), Branding in European retailing a corporate social responsibility perspective, Journal of European retail Digest, Vol. 38, pp. 1-6, as cited by Jones, P. Comfort, D. , Hillier, D. (2005), Corporate social responsibility and the UKs book binding ten retailers, Journal of retail and distribution Management, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 882-892. Holme, C. (2008), Business ethics Part 1 Does it matter? , Journal of Industrial and commercialised Training, Vol. 40, No . 5, pp. 248-252. Hurn, B. J. (2008), Ethics in international business, Journal of Industrial and Commercial training Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 347-354. Jones, P. , Comfort, D. , Hillier, D. (2005), Corporate social responsibility and the UKs top ten retailers, Journal of Retail and distribution Management, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 882-892.Jones, T. (1995), Instrumental stakeholder supposition a synthesis of ethics and economics, _Journal of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 404-437, as cited by Galbreath, J. (2009), Building corporate social responsibility into strategy, Journal of European Business Review_, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 109-127. Kilcullen, M. and Kooistra, J. O. (1999), At least do no harm Sources on the changing role of business ethics and corporate social responsibility, Journal of Reference Services, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 158-178. Lantos, G. P. (2001), The boundaries of strategic corporate social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 8, No. 7, pp. 595-632. Lantos , G. P. (2002), The ethicality of altruisic corporate social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 205-232. Lewicka-Strzalecka, A. (2006), Opportunities and limitations of CSR in the postcommunist countries Polish case, Journal of Corporate Governance, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 440-448. Moir, L. (2001), What do we mean by corporate social responsibility? ,_ Journal of Corporate governance_, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 16-22. No Author. (2003), Corporate socialism unethically masquerades as CSR, Journal of Strategic Direction, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 31-35. Orme, G. and Ashton, C. 2003), Ethics a formation competency, Journal of Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 184-190. Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. , Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), Corporate social responsibility the way forward? mayhap not , Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Prout, J. (2006), Corporate responsibility in the global economy a business case, Journal of Society and Business, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 184-191. Quester, P. G. and Thompson, B. (2001), ad and promotion leverage on arts sponsorship effectiveness, Journal of publicizing Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33-47, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2001), The boundaries of strategic corporate social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 595-632. Roberts, S. (2003), Supply chain specific? Understanding the patchy success of ethical sourcing initiatives, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 44, No. 2/3, pp. 159-170, Sweeney, L. (2007), Corporate social responsibility in Ireland barriers and opportunities experienced by SMEs when undertaking CSR, Journal of Corporate Governance, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 516-523. Serpa, R. 1985), Creating a candid corporate culture, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 4, pp. 425-430. Smith, A. D. (2007), Making the case for the competitive advantage of corporate social responsibility, Journal of Business Strategy Series, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 186-195 Sweeney, L. (2007), Corporate social responsibility in Ireland barriers and opportunities experienced by SMEs when undertaking CSR, Journal of Corporate Governance, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 516-523. Tresize, E. K. (1996), An introduction to business ethics for human resource management teaching and research, Journal of Personnel Review, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 85-89. Williams, A. (2005), Consumer social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Policy, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 34-35, Sweeney, L. (2007), Corporate social responsibility in Ireland barriers and opportunities experienced by SMEs when undertaking CSR, Journal of Corporate Governance, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 516-523. Wood, D. J. (1991), Corporate social performance revisited, _Journal of Management Review, Vol. 16, pp. 691-718, as cited by Moir, L. (2001), What do we mean by corporate social responsibility? , Journal of Corporate governance_, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 16-22. Wood, G. and Rentschler, R. 2003), Ethical behaviour the means for cr eating and maintaining better reputations in arts organisations, Journal of Management Decision, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 528-537. BOOKS Carroll, A. B. (2000), The four faces of corporate citizenship, McGraw-Hill, Guiltford, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2002), The ethicality of altruisic corporate social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 205-232. Carroll, A. B. (2001), Ethical challenges for business in the new millennium Corporate social responsibility and models of management morality, McGraw-Hill, Guilford, as cited by Lantos, G.P. (2001), The boundaries of strategic corporate social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 595-632. Cutlip, S. M. , Center, A. H. , Broom, G. M. (2000), Effective Public Relations, Prentice Hall, Saddle River, New Jersey, as cited by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. , Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), Corporate social responsibility the way forward? Maybe not , Journal of European Business Re view, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Davies, K. (1983), An expanded view of the social responsibility of business, 2nd ed, Prentice-Hall, EnglewoodCliffs, New Jersey, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2001), The boundaries of strategic corporate social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 595-632. Friedman, M. (1996), The social responsibility of business is to increase profits, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2002), The ethicality of altruisic corporate social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 205-232. Hopkins, M. (2003), The planetal Bargain, Corporate Social Responsibility Matters, Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, Sweeney, L. 2007), Corporate social responsibility in Ireland barriers and opportunities experienced by SMEs when undertaking CSR, Journal of Corporate Governance, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 516-523. Mackiewicz, A. (1993), fall to Building a Global Image, McGraw-Hill, New York, as ci ted by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. , Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), Corporate social responsibility the way forward? Maybe not , Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Seitel, F. P. (2001), The practice of public relations, 8th ed, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, as cited by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), Corporate social responsibility the way forward? Maybe not , Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Smith, N. C. and Quelch, J. A. (1993), Ethics in Marketing, Irwin, Homewood, Illinois, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2002), The ethicality of altruisic corporate social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 205-232. meshwork ARTICLES Commission of the European Communities (2001), Promoting a European framework for Corporate Social Responsibility, acquirable at http//europa. u. int/eur-lex/en/comgpr/2001/com2001_0366en01. pdf , as cit ed by Jones, P. , Comfort, D. , Hillier, D. (2005), Corporate social responsibility and the UKs top ten retailers, Journal of Retail and distribution Management, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 882-892. Commission of the European Communities (2002), Communication from the Commission concerning Corporate Social Responsibility A business contribution to sustainable development, in stock(predicate) at http//europa. eu. int/comm? Employment_social/soc-dial/csr/csr2002_en. pdf, Jones, P. , Comfort, D. , Hillier, D. 2005), Corporate social responsibility and the UKs top ten retailers, Journal of Retail and distribution Management, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 882-892. Confederation of British Industry (2001), CBI response to the European commission green paper on promoting a European framework for corporate social responsibility, available at www. europa. eu. int/comm/employment_social/soc-dial/csr/cbi_uk_en011219. htm, as cited by Jones, P. , Comfort, D. , Hillier, D. (2005), Corporate social responsibili ty and the UKs top ten retailers, Journal of Retail and distribution Management, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 82-892. The World Bank Group (2004), Corporate social responsibility, available at www. worldbank. org/development communications/where1/environment/csr. htm, as cited by Jones, P. , Comfort, D. , Hillier, D. (2005), Corporate social responsibility and the UKs top ten retailers, Journal of Retail and distribution Management, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 882-892. CONFERENCE PAPERS Kitchen, P. J. , Schultz, D. E. (2002), Managing reputation global issues and problems, paper presented at the 7th Annual Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications, 29-30 April, as cited by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), Corporate social responsibility the way forward? Maybe not , Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Poiesz, T. B. C. (1988), The image concept Its place in consumer psychology and its potential for other psychological a rea, paper presented at the 24th International Congress of Psychology, Sydney, as cited by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. , Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), Corporate social responsibility the way forward? Maybe not , Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 263-279. To amass this publications review, the most applicable or significant source would be secondary sources as it is very reliable and valid. Although there are many secondary sources available but journals retrieved from emerald insight database are mostly used in this literature review. The reason being is that journals published in the site have been permitted by many other researchers who hold high ranks. The credibility of the journals used is also considered much higher because journals on emerald are reviewed before being published.However most of the journal authors hold high ranks in universities. For example, Geoffrey Lantos is a prof of Business Administration at Stonehill College, USA. M aureen Kilcullen is also an assistant professor at Kent University, USA. Lance Moir is a senior lecturer in Finance and story at Cranfield School of Management. Moir also has a considerable amount of work experience as he was the Head of Corporate Finance and homework at Storehouse plc from 1985 to 1990 and the director of Corporate Finance at mysterious plc from 1991 to 1994. He is also the author of Managing Liquidity.Therefore, from their positions and experience, it can be seen that the authors are very well established in their qualification. All journals are also found to be very consistent, well presented with a valuable amount of information and include a good number of references. All the journals used in this literature do not have pre assumptions and are not biased. In addition, all these sources are up to date, considered to be reliable and valid and they have been picked from an authentic source. Appendix 2 Mind Map Appendix 3 Types of CSR drawframe Source Lantos (2 001)