Gay Marriage and its Legalities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gay man and wife and its Legalities - Essay ExampleFor proponents of the human rights issue, the matter would appear to be rather open and shut in terms of challenging constitutionality and this issue impacts decision-making at the social level, even if this practice is discouraged in the observe of law. This division seems to maintain the gay marriage and its constitutionality while this divisional approach exists.Consistent with the rule of law, however, the department of Justice has long followed the practice of defending federal statutes as long as reasonable arguments skunk be made in support of their constitutionality, even if the Department disagrees with a particular statute as a policy matter, as it does here. (lawlib.state.ma.us, 2).In defense of those who uphold the constitution as a root word on which to mold new social policy, leadership recognizes that policy on gay marriage stands and get out remain defended providing there are no significant grounds on which to proclaim the act unconstitutional. federal official support for the program without claims of unconstitutionality put this issue much into state-level hands, with federal level support in the physical object if the goal is to uphold this civil rights matter.The mid-tier court system that governs and shapes these policies is currently made up of very right judges and a blend of more liberal decision-makers (Chemerinsky, 3). Division at this level and lack of hard ground on which to claim opportunity for repealing federal policy halts the progress of ensuring adequate legal tax shelter for gay marriage. Under this system, challenges to decisions made at the district level are put forward to the commanding Court in the pursuit of discretionary review. In general, gay marriage will likely be decided at the highest levels of judicial scrutiny providing that a resolution (either for or against) is determined at the modest levels of justice.States that allow gay marriage include Cali fornia, though its momentum is continuously challenged.

Business - Gender Discrimination Speech or Presentation

Business - Gender inequality - Speech or Presentation ExamplePrevious court rulings declare that, one of the responsibilities of a partnership is not to discriminate people against their sex. This indication is a determinant showing that discrepancy begins even forrader the hiring wreak starts. As such, in this speech, I will seek to develop a persuasive affirmation showing the importance of addressing the issue of sex discrimination in forgeulate places. To begin with, the gap of gender at work place is still an impeding issue according to a new look for on gender roles conducted by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Fact finding results reveal that women who work for 44 hours in a week earn 84.6 percent of total earnings of a earth running(a) for same hours (Stein, 200831). Worse still, the same statistics cites that, women who work for over 60 hours in week construct earnings amounting to 78.3 percent of what men who are categorically in the same ageline earn. Additi onally, it is agreeable that, sexual discrimination is a caper that affects education, battle, public institution, and domestic life (Lindgren, 201044). Even though today, women encounter minimal stinting and social barriers as opposed to olden days, gender discrimination is still a major problem in many working places (Wrigley, 20087). With reference to a report brought forward by the Institute for Womens Policy Research, women who worked full time earned only 77 cents for every single dollar that a man earned in 2009 (Reeves, 201057). According to the US report on female worker, in ache of the fact that women comprise of the largest percentage of workforce in most organizations in the world, they commonly access employment positions in the traditional female fields which include nursing, secretarial work, and elementary school teaching. It is therefore harmonious for us to address the vagaries brought about by gender or sexual discrimination in our working organizations (Stein , 200849). Studies assert that, in most working places today, there are many instances of sexual discrimination against women. disrespect the fact that court rulings set forth that it is possible to hold a company liable for subtle people due to their sexes, pre employment screening tests portray racist cases at large margins. Company discriminatory cases of gender occur in incidences of hiring where the firm sets or asks unacceptable questions that discriminate against sex (Reeves, 201069). The application process designs bogus pre employment tests that screen for sex making the overall hiring process bias and unfair. For a presbyopic time, the court upholds scenarios where a man receives an employment opportunity over a cleaning lady with a sparse margin of qualification (Stein, 200863). This drastic difference in qualification has been around for a long time and according to analysts, it is a sure sign of discrimination. A better understanding of how sexual discrimination i ndustrial plant reflects cases where a man who dropped out of high school gets an administrative post over a woman who has a masters degree (Gregory, 200319). In this case, sexual discrimination is the ultimate factor delineation gender bias. Apart from gender discrimination gender discrimination during the hiring process, our working places today faces another form of sexual discrimination called sexual harassment (Lindgren, 201058). In this form of discrimination, some

A Strategic Marketing Assignment on Etisalat Essay

A Strategic Marketing Assignment on Etisalat - Essay ExampleThe telecom industry of the center eastern countries has seen a continuous growth. A forecast by Informa Telecoms and Media shows that the year 2009 will continue to see a constant growth, with almost 28.68 million net inclusions into the mobile market this year. The market is very wide and has as many as almost 250 million mobile subscribers and is expected to reach as high as 250.79 million by the end of 2009 . Company InformationThe CompanyEtisalat is one of the oldest telecom providers in UAE. It is headed by Mohammad Al Qamzi, the CEO. The caller-out was incorporated in 1976 and has become a part of the Financial Times pennant 500 Corporation. In terms of the capitalization and revenues, this company stands on the 6th position in the Middle East. This is the only other largest contributor other than the oil sector, in the development programs of the UAE federal Government. It has also been awarded for macrocosm a s ocially responsible corporation. Etisalat has also been honored for the nationalization programme . Etisalat offers a number of various products and services. They have a wide variety of products in their portfolio, which totals to almost a hundred and fifty. These include items care the fixed lines, mobiles, and value added services for businesses and consumers. This does not include the additional products and services that are provided by the company to people with special needs . Etisalats main region of functioning is in UAE and Iran.

Historical Personalities Of World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Historical Personalities Of World war II - Essay ExampleThe Populist Fronts tended to be so dear to Stalin that while he intend to rouse the Russian masses by gathering them around the idea of opposition to Hitler, at the same time Stalin was trying to strike a deal with the Nazi dictator because he considered Hitler to be an close at hand(predicate) threat to the Russian bureaucracy.In that context, Stalin played into the hands of Hitler by allowing the Nazis to have a striking success on the Western front before Hitler turned his attention to the East that is the USSR. As per Trotsky, had Stalin not been so particular about consolidating his hold on the USSR, it would have definitely allowed him to pressurize Hitler on the Eastern front, thereby perhaps inhibiting him from advancing so confidently in the West. Somewhere, Stalins strategy of allowing Hitler to bulge World War II proved to be short-sighted in the sense that he believed that he exit manage to escape getting invol ved in the war.Had Stalin somehow conveyed to Hitler that Russia was going to offer a ridiculous resistance in case of an expansionist endeavor by Germany, perhaps World War II could have been avoided?

Applicability of the Principles of Empowerment and Recovery of the Essay

applicability of the Principles of Empowerment and Recovery of the Mentally Ill in Pr trifleice - Essay ExampleThere argon many types of mental illnesses including bipolarity, depression, panic attacks, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia among others. 1.0 Scenario One afternoon, a man in his new-fashioned 20s was brought in for medical attention. For the purpose of confidentiality, we shall name him Andrew (not his real name). Andrew could not keep still and he unbroken on moving from one point to another, talking to imaginary people. The people who brought him to the hospital were his colleagues at rifle, who claimed that he had become very hostile, attacking everyone at the office and accusing them of trying to ruin his life. They claimed that he had to a fault started talking to himself and repeatedly saying they want to kill me. Andrew was immediately taken to the psychiatrist ward for examination, while I was instructed to get more information about his action s from his colleagues. The workmates told me that in last few months, they had observed both(prenominal) abnormal behavior in their colleague, but had dismissed the actions. For example, he would show up at work late, looking tired and had started withdrawing from his workmates. They also claimed that he could no longer meet deadlines and that he often did nonstandard work. After the discussion with the longanimouss colleagues, I called his family before going to check on the progress of the patient. The psychiatrist aware me that they had sedated him to ease his agitation. I explained to him all the observances noted by Andrews colleagues and the doctor suspected that this could be a case of schizophrenia. As we were talking, Andrews married woman and sister came in looking very worried. The doctor explained the patients condition to them and asked them to offer any information they deemed useful. The wife explained how Andrew a father of two and an comptroller had started act ing weird about the same time the previous year. He would often withdraw from his wife and children, he would become easily agitated if the children did anything wrong, and would act unmoved even if the children cried for attention. The wife also explained how in recent days Andrew had become very attentive to the safety of his family, claiming that someone was out to harm them. He would lock all the doors and constantly look out through the window to see whether someone was watching them. Andrews sister also explained how as a teenager, Andrew had suddenly lost all zeal for life. He no longer engaged in activities he had previously enjoyed. She explained that Andrew stopped playing rugby his genial life degenerated and he became withdrawn from his family. He did not seem to have any direction in life neither did he know what career he wanted. Meanwhile his family attributed all this to adolescence and hoped it would pass. They did not conduct Andrews condition to deteriorate to the present situation neither did they attribute it to a mental disorder. At this point it was absolutely clear that indeed Andrew was hurt from undifferentiated schizophrenia. When Andrew woke up he was much quieter and seemed to act more normally, except that he denied ever doing all the things that his colleagues had pointed out. He was not ready to face up to the fact that he was mentally ill and was still in denial. According to Warner (2004) it is common for people suffering from schizophrenia to deny their mental condition. Later on, the psychiatrist asked if I wanted to be involved in empowering Andrew to recover from his illness and I was

Customer Perception and Brand Loyalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Customer Perception and Brand Loyalty - Essay poserPomerantz, (2003) defined perception as a process of attaining sensory faculty or transforming environments by construe information. This statement is based on normal human psychology that undersurface be related to the node perception. Customer perception is a process that is based on the information collected from wide arrays of sources and resources. It prat be the case that guests using the existing product or military service may create awareness along with changing the take of perception some that particular product or service. Organisations need to understand the perception of customers in order to market their products and function along with go them something that will exceed the level of perceived perception. Customer perception decides their buying behavior to an extent. Considering the fact that good and valid perception about a product often creates a positive image that allures customers to get associated w ith that product or service in the short as well as in the long run. Customer perception brush aside be considered as the first stage of buying behavior where there is a difference betwixt the reality and perception. Until and unless, customers use the product ascertaining the reality can be a cumbersome task offering irrelevant attention and importance to perception (Reichheld, 1993). Customers perceptions can be influenced through reference groups and opinion leaders but should offer desired and more than perceived results in order to create long experimental condition value and mutual benefits in the competitive business environment.... In short, send loyalty is driven by effective customer relationship management programs and initiatives offering mutual benefits and advantages to organizations and customers. The research is based on identifying the Ducati customer perception and brand loyalty. It needs to be mentioned that in spite of a number of companies manufacturing high role and attractive motorcycles, a certain group of customers prefer to buy Ducati motorcycles. The research aims at identifying their perception towards Ducati and its motorcycles along with assessing brand loyalty. However, in this particular discussion, only theoretical aspects of brand loyalty and customer perception has been presented and pragmatic implication will be highlighted in the later part of the research in an illustrative and uniform manner. A highly satisfied customer will tend to buy more product and services of the brand with whom he can relate to in the short as well as in the long run. It needs to be understood that brand loyalty is often useful and economical for the purchaser and seller. The buyer can stick to a particular brand without ordering much in competitors brand along with availing great benefits of brand loyalty offered by organizations. Loyalty is awarded and rewarded in different ways depending on the structure and policies of organizations. W hen it descends to expensive products and services, customer perception and loyalty is driven by wide arrays of variables. Price can be considered as one of the most important variables deciding the perception and loyalty level of customers. Ducati Motorcycles come with a hefty price tag and with a positive perception of motorcycles customers are willing to invest their money in it. If the actual and real performance and services of

Frederick Jackson Turner writes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Frederick Jackson Turner writes - Essay ExampleThe immigration of people of non-homogeneous ethnic backgrounds mostly Europeans into the region led to their transformation. They cultivated adopted and spread their culture and notions in westmost America. Thus, through these processes, they become Americanized. According to Jackson Turner, the long established American character originated from the forests and gained momentum every time it reached a frontier thus the frontier thesis. The American character entails democracy, equality, optimism, individualism, violence, and self-reliance (Turner 1). I rack up with Turner that America owes its identity from the west. First, the Middle States, as well as the South, possessed democratic ideas and this make the center of Ohio politics in her early history. This is proved since most of its members elected in the Ohio legislature in 1820 comprised a large number of the natives. For example, New England contributed nine Senators as well a s six Representatives who mainly came from Connecticut. Moreover, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania elected seventeen Senators as well as twenty-one Representatives absolute majority who came from Pennsylvania (Turner 1). Further, the South elected twenty-seven Representatives and nine Senators most of whom came from Virginia. Among the Representatives, five of them were natives of Ireland. In total, the emigrants from the Middle orbit and the Democratic South outnumbered the Federalist who originated from New England. Since America is the heart of democracy and Ohio was the first state to elect emigrants as representatives, then it shows that the idea of democracy in America arose from Ohio, which is in the frontier.Secondly, once the immigrants settled in the West, they cooperated among themselves in clearing land, building houses and barns, and establishing communities (Froner 337). These ideals of individualism spread from the west into other areas in America. Thus, the communities promoted selflessness within their communities which later(prenominal)

Alzeimer's Disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alzeimers Disease - Research radical ExampleAlzheimers ailment, in any case known as Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type is a champion complication, which results in deteriorated brain functionality (American Health Assistance Foundation, 2011). It is the most reported case of dementia complication and develops little by little in a victim. The main effects of the disease are a permanent damage on neurons, which leads to intellectual incapacitation through loss of memory and rationality. As the disease develops in a person, it impairs brain associate functionality leading to poor judgment and rationale in making decisions (Nordqvist, 2009), (American Health Assistance Foundation, 2011)The devil study causes of Alzheimers disease are family history and age (Crystal, n.d.). Although developing Alzheimers disease is not a part of normal aging (Crystal, n.d.), it has been proven that age increases the risk of developing this disease (Crystal, n.d.). Family history also plays a major role in Alzheimers disease and having a close blood recounting such as mother, sister, a brother etc who has developed Alzheimers disease increases the risk of developing this disease. former(a) unproven causes of this disease include a history of head trauma, long-standing high blood pressure, and female sex (Nordqvist, 2009). There are two major types of Alzheimers disease, which have been identified according to the age of the patients archeozoic Onset Alzheimers not very parkland and is said to occur when a patient displays symptoms of the disease before reaching the age of 60 (Kantor, 2010). Late Onset Alzheimers is however very common and is said to occur when a patient aged 60 years or higher displays symptoms of the disease. The two types are both fatal (Kantor, 2010).The basic symptoms of Alzheimers disease are language and memory problems (forgetting acquainted(predicate) names, words, routes etc), flat moods, and personality changes (Kantor, 2010). A more in-dept h discussion about the

An Assessment of British Airways Dispute and its Employee Relations Essay

An Assessment of British Airways Dispute and its Employee Relations - Essay manikinBritish Airways concentrates mainly on its management approach which is considered to be inward-looking. Moreover, the company also focuses on the storage of its different routes and the outcome has been unsatisfied customers. Under the management of Bob Aylings, British Airways faced industrial action, the employees were protesting against make up reduction which was aimed at improving the maillines profitability. Subsequent to the earlier strikes and the cost reduction plan, the morale of workforce deteriorated resulting in continued unrest since then. In 2005, the union members protested against the decision to leave out a group of actors, replacing them with the agency staff when the company failed to renew their contract. The company incurred a lot of cost due to this and several passengers were disrupted. In October 2006, the company faced dispute which resulted from a check-in Christian wor ker putting on his faiths visible symbol. In 2007, the cabin crew planned a strike action, they were protesting against the salary changes. Later it was withdrawn before it took off. According to Books Llc, (2010), British airways and the union Unite dealing have continued to be turbulent, especially in 2009 and 2010. It manly resulted from the proposed changes of the cabin crew working conditions as the company was facing the global financial crisis. On December2009, a strike ballot was conducted regarding the working practices changes. It was support by many especially the Christmas 2009, planned action. However, the industrial action was declargond illegal by the court. On February, a re-ballot was held. The negotiations that were ongoing did not stop the strike action which took place in March. The company penalize the staff involved through the withdrawal of the travel perks. Today the company is still faced by different challenges and has been trying to find a lasting soluti on to this. Competitive nature of the business and the rationale behind management proposals British airways is ranked as the ninth airline worldwide with regard to the good number of passengers it can carries. The airline network in the international market is considered to be the strongest. This is because as compargond to opposite airlines, it operates in several destinations internationally. British airways has its base at capital of the United Kingdom Heathrow which is the best location. This location is known to be central to the European air travel and is the leading business hub. The airline connections to various destinations globally are convenient and timely and this is the companys main advantage of being situated at capital of the United Kingdom Heathrow. Some of the companys operations which are short haul have been moved to London Gatwick. This came up as a result of the increasing air traffic in Heathrow. In some(prenominal) the international and the domestic mark et, the company is faced with competition. The companys main competitors in the domestic markets implicate airlines like Easy Jet which incur lower costs. In the international level, it has to face several giants which overwhelm Lufthansa and American Airlines. British airways main business in both the international and the domestic routes is to provide air services that are scheduled to passengers and cargo. The scheduled passenger service and cargo service of the company are separate divisions that operate in an independent way. The scheduled passenger services contribute a greater percentage to the company

Annual Financial Report Analysis for British Airways PLC Essay

Annual Financial Report Analysis for British Airways PLC - adjudicate Examplee years und the light of the important sections in the companys annual publish i.e., notes to the accounts, statement of accounting policies, directors report, operating and financial review statement, chief executives statement, chairmans statement and the press releases of the company in order to illustrate the impact of any of the company policy, market and environment on the companys financial performance during the year. At the end of the report, important factors decisive to the companys future growth and financial performance have been presented found on the analysis.British Airways is the worlds second largest transnational airline, carrying more than 27 million passengers, and one of the worlds longest established passenger brands. In the financial year to 31 March 2004, more than 36 million people chose to fly on flights operated by BA. An average of 51,939 staff were employed by the group wor ldwide in 2003-2004, 85.0 per cent of them based in the UK. Unlike some of the worlds other airlines, BA is owned entirely by private investors - with almost 260,000 shareholders, including some 49 per cent of the companys own employees (British Airways Plc, accessed 6.12.2005)The main activities of British Airways Plc and its subsidiary undertakings are the operation of international and domestic scheduled and charter air services for the carriage of passengers, freight and mail and the provision of supportive services (1)BAs main business is the provision of scheduled passenger services, which accounted for approximately 83% of the Companys turnover during the monetary year ended March 31, 2005 (fiscal 2005). The Company also provides other services to outside parties, such as aircraft maintenance. The Companys operations also include certain ancillary airline activities, including air cargo (British Airways, accessed 5.12.2005)British Airways convention fleet as at 31 Decembe r 2004 comprised 293 aircraft - one of the largest fleets in Europe. The

Privacy Laws related to Information Technology use Research Paper

mysteriousness Laws related to Information Technology mathematical function - Research Paper ExampleIn this regard, it is arguable that the hiding of undivided data depends on the ability of organizations to employ warrantor measures for the protection of individual breeding and private data (Kerr, 2004). The various online companies and websites much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Facebook, Google, LimkedIn, Yahoo and Skype atomic number 18 mandated by the law to protect the covert of individuals. Regardless of the provisions of the law, it is notable that many online organizations and companies have disclosed private data to third parties such as advertisers who use it without the consent of the holders of the info. Sensitive information such as financial records, bank and acknowledgment card details are also protected by the legal framework. This is due to the need for the security of personal data and the consequent prevention of possible fraud (Gillmor, 1998). The modern computing and transactional environments are characterized by online shopping and banking. This means that the users of the online banking services are predisposed to the risk of disclosure of their private information to organizations (Messmer, 2001). Additionally, digital records of employees within various organization is at a risk f unauthorized access and use. ... that organizations and individuals are protected from unauthorized use of private information by internal or external intruders to information systems (Miller and Tucker, 2007). The law also protects individual information from misuse by government agencies and the media (Sullivan, 2005). According to the fourth amendment, individual data and information must be kept private and free from unauthorized access and use (Lock, Conger and Oz, 1998). This illustrates the role of the law in ensuring that organizations keep the information on their employees and clients as private as necessary (OConnor and Matthews, 2011). I nfringement of the privacy of individual information is thus a legal felony (Thibodeau, 2001). Sometimes presidency authorities such as the police perform thorough surveillance of a suspects private information and activities. Regardless of the justification that the governing authorities give for the infringement of individual privacy, such actions are legally wrong (Lock, Conger and Oz, 1998). The emergency of creative, innovative and up to date technological tools represents the contest which many individuals and organizations face in trying to achieve adherence to information privacy laws. Nonetheless, the application of information systems within organizations and institutions is attributed to the increased challenge of securing private information (Canoni, 2004). However, organizations have laid security policies which are pitch at promoting the enforcement of legal framework on the privacy of private information (Bernstein, 2007). Information security policies sour a sign ificant role in defining the procedure of access, retrieval, modification and use of private information with a view of ensuring preservation of individual rights to privacy

The monetary financial system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The monetary financial system of rules - Essay ExampleHowever, these enthronements have a d knowledgeside adventure of underperformance and lack of control etc. There ar two types of collective investment moneys open ended investments and closed ended investments. In the open ended investments the subjugate of sh ars or building blocks is not icy and the fund can issue unlimited amount of sh ars/units. However, as the gens suggests, in closed ended investments the number of shares or units issued is fixed. The unit trust and investment trust are examples of collective investment institutions with certain notable differences which are explained as follows. An investment in unit trusts is a method whereby a small investor can form part of the share market without being forthwith involved. (Swart, 2007, p.153) In contrast to unit trust, investment trusts are public limited companies whose business is the investment of pecuniary resource in financial assets. (Buckle and Thomps on, 1992, p.125) Both the unit trust and the investment trusts are pooled investments that aim towards diversification of risk for the investor. The individual investor benefits from the knowledge and expertise of the trust managers for which the trust charges fees to its unit holders in the form of annual charges. monetary institutions and intermediaries play an important role in the management of the unit and investment trusts. ... The unit trusts have been much popular in the past with investors preferring open ended units as opposed to closed ended in the case of investment trusts. Investment trusts are allowed to borrow for investment, however, this facility is not present with the unit trusts. whole trust is managed by a trustee where the investment trust is a company listed on the exchange. In terms of pricing, unit trusts are always valued on their net asset value (NAV) whereas investment trust can trade both at a premium or discount to their NAV. therefrom demand and su pply forces have no consequences on the unit trust but affect the prices of the investment. The unit trust issues unit which are not tradable to the third party whereas due to the listing on the bear exchange, investment trusts units are tradable. In terms of the fee structure, the investment trust charges as lower as compared to the unit trust. Thus, with the above mentioned similarities and differences, it is up to the investors analysis and nature to choose between unit trust and investment trust. 2. Firms could raise long term finance issuing shares and bonds. Evaluate the pros and cons of each? Companies need to generate funds on long term basis in order to operate in the market. The two prefatory options for raising equity from the market are bonds and shares. The bond is a long term debt instrument with fixed interest payments issued by the issuer or the borrower of the funds which can be the government or any company. The bondholders are entitled to the fixed interest pa yments along with the return of their principle. They do not hold the right to own the company and are the first ones to be paid off at the time of bankruptcy. When the company issues shares for

Should You Let Your Teenagers Drink by Cassandra Jardine Essay

Should You Let Your Teenagers fox by Cassandra Jardine - Essay ExampleAcccording to the reportin Should You Let Your Teenagers Drink?, Jardine provides a realistic talk of an issue for which Sir L. Donaldson holds a rigid pay as a Chief Medical Officer. By experience, Jardine and some(prenominal) other p arents know exactly that to a certain extent, they ought to give in to the act of spoiling their kids in order to keep them from the perils of binge-drinking. Donaldson, however, opposes such an idea or practice, claiming that teenagers should refrain from alcoholic drinking until they are 15 years old. Throughout the Western world, youths of such age have had access to liquor markets and statistical figures are truly upsetting, so Jardine could well ascertain how a stance toward abstinence should work as impose upon those experimenting in the free-houses.This discussion stresses that mother knows best and this clich is strong enough for the ground of taking the perspective wh ich Jardine looks at on deciding about the resolution to opt for. Having spent considerable amount of time with her children, Jardine may be imagined in a setting where she can readily engage with their thoughts and thereby become sensible to their postulate as the situation goes with an increasing sense of fluidity. This way, she can gradually bring across the main blossom that it is not necessary to keep young people from drinking for as long as parents utilise the attitude of affectionate watchfulness.... With her story shared in the article, Jardine demonstrates how important it is to have a two-way communication process with her children so that the latter are allowed the flexibility to express themselves and air their particular concerns or reasons for exploring stuffs that are new to them. It appears that with parents who tend to be otherwise repressive, teenagers are rather more likely to stay forth from confiding with the elderly having gone against the childrens freedo m to seek identity and establish conformity with peers they notice are the true ones who can relate with and care for them. In all fairness, Jardine does not miss on identifying why Donaldson has made his own stand, exemplifying concrete details via the youth-gone-wild of the British culture. She further exhibits support for his stand by featuring the impact drinking alcohol bears on the development of pliable brains among teens. Clearly, Jardine perceives the probable consequences of a take drinking habit where alcoholism or addiction to drinking emerges to cause a threatening bow on teenage people who eventually incur failure in studies or lack of spare-time activity in healthy activities. Unsafe sex and unwanted pregnancy are no new stories either. Hence, in this light, the Chief Medical Officer deserves credits for his proposition. If parents, on the other hand, were to be more subjective by way of constant communication, this would enable the young ones to convey the core s ubstance of their values and priorities. It is particularly charming to learn that Jardine makes a spontaneous flow of conversation with her children of ages 13, 14, and 19, all of whom seem to

Unit 7 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 7 - Coursework ExampleIn order to look at prevalence and reduction of bribery, we look at the relative benefits and cost of engaging in much(prenominal)(prenominal) practice. If the benefits of engaging in such practices are huge for a party in contrast to the be, then the firm impart likely resort to it as a rational act in line with conducting its business. Otherwise, the behavior go out be discouraged as the benefits are perceived to be not worth(predicate) the trouble, or costs to engaging in it.The benefits to facilitate bribery are huge for both the giver and the receiver of the bribe. The giver or the firm gets favor, maybe from the governing agencies or another firm from the private sector. The receiver, maybe the government agencies or other firms, receive a sum of money in return for this favor. The main yard why it is not reduced is because these benefits are greater than the costs to participate in such practice. in that location are not enough punishments in order to make the benefit seem not worth the price to be paid. Apart from lack of moral integrity in some countries, why should such a beneficial behavior to these parties be discouraged if there are not enough costs to punish them? Therefore, in order to discourage bribery, the cost to parties that participate in such practice should be increased.In what design should the cost come in? The cost should come in the form of fines, as what is included in the US laws for anti-bribery. But aside from it, these costs can come in the form of damage in reputation for the parties that involve in facilitating bribery. What multinational companies and the global community can do is to raise moral awareness on a global scale while condemning such practices. This is to increase the costs to parties who are doing it, the costs in the form of damage in reputation, if the fines are not enough, for being seen as firms who lack integrity in doing business in other countries.The effects to US firm s

Should the Government Intervent Tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should the government Intervent Tax - Essay theoretical accountHence the government, in my view, should intervene through tax rates to victuals the economy and society prevailled.Government intervention through tax rates is of paramount importance when negative externalities are to be dealt with. The commercialize consists of two types of goods, open and private. Private goods are associated to the concept of excludability, referring to the exclusion of people from the benefits of a product or service that do not pay for it. On the other hand, public good is non-excludable and benefits the entire tribe regardless of their non-payment. Free-riding issue arises in this situation leading to chaos and dissatisfaction toward those counterparts of the society who are not bring enough to the society compared to the benefits they are receiving (for instance healthcare and security/defense facilities for tax-evaders or unregistered immigrants in some cases). Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) has contributed to the knowledge by revealing that undocumented immigrants can be a major source of tax earnings if they are permitted legally to play in the US and would end up increasing the tax contribution by about $2 billion per year (ITEP, 2015).Government must intervene by changing tax rates to control consumer demands. By increasing tax rates, the government may reduce the disposable income and hence reduce the consumer demand. Similarly, if it wants to growing consumer demand, generally or specifically for certain goods and services, subsidies can be provided and/or tax on that especial(a) product/service can be reduced. Hence, tax rates on specific products, services or industries as well as taxes on individuals and specific population groups can both help governments to keep harmony in the economy.The government calls funds from the local economy by taxing general public and businesses. These funds are then

Sailing Ship Effect Essay Example for Free

Sailing Ship Effect EssayMGMT002 Technology World Change AY 2009-2010, Term 2 Student Paper Review, Howells (2002) The response of honest-to-god engineering science incumbents to technological competition coast enchant heart and soul exist? Prepared for Dr Terence Fan Prepared by Nicole Isabella Aw Su Sien (G14) Does the Howells presents the audience with a critical view of the sailing ship effect and postulates that it is triggered by misinterpretations based on insufficient knowledge, and that the mer. This sailing ship effect is the rocess whereby the approaching of a new technology engenders a response aimed at improving the incumbent technology. I am inclined to Howells view and will further demonstrate this below. There is evidence to study that the sailing ship effect is existent in the world today. Cooper and Schendel (1988) considered 7 different cases and I would like to center on on the case between vacuum tubes and the transistor.A simple timeline of the development of the vacuum tubes has shown that the old technology (vacuum tubes) ontinued to be improved and reached its highest stage of technical development only after the new technology (transistor) was introduced. Nonetheless, thither is still insufficient evidence to definitely conclude that the sailing ship effect did take place. The sailing ship effect is challenged due to the number of externalities involved in the technological development of any product, making it difficult to conclude that speed improvements made by incumbent technology is driven solely by the emergence of new ones.Granted, there is a timely connection between the arrival of new technologies and the accelerate improvement of old ones, however, one must question the genuine motivation for this action (government funding, normal intra- attention competition, lock-in effect or arrival of new technology). The Flettner rotor ship, for example, was a government-inspired project. Research and Development (RD ) is essential in the improvement of any technology.The availability of funds is a problem many firms face, however, with high barriers to entry joined by inancial support from the government, it is non difficult to understand how this could provide the impetus for accelerated improvement of a technology as a firm would want to gain monopoly in the patience. In the Alkali industry, the Claus-Chance border was already in the works before the threat of the Leblanc process. This improvements are still being made. I believe that the extent of the sailing ship effect can also be related to the substitutability of the old and new technologies.The more substitutable the new technology is, the greater need to invest in the improvement of the old technology to maintain competitiveness in the market (assuming the firm does not exit the industry or switch from old to new technology). This could be a factor, which allows the coexistence of both old and new technology. The growth of cameras today illustrates the aforementioned idea. Despite the technological advancement of cameras (from film to digital), digital cameras and film cameras still coexist in the arket because of their relatively low substitutability (as film photography is different from that of digital photography).It would be mentally ill to argue that the lack of evidence of the sailing ship effect would mean that it is non-existent. Therefore, I do not believe that this effect is non- existent but support Howells viewpoint on the rarity of the sailing ship effect because it is too superficial to claim that the advent of new technologies provided the main driving force for the accelerated improvement of old technologies.

Essay Example for Free

EssayFor every course of action that one takes in breeding, there is a personify associated. This bell may be large or sm every last(predicate) but one stern urge this cost with the alternative before he or she makes any decision. In the essay, The Price of Crossing Borders scripted by Eduardo gatekeeper, the concept of understanding that there is a outlay for everything is conveyed. There is no decision that is make or path that is taken that comes without some sort of cost to us personally. An alternate title of Porters article, The Cost of The Decisions We Make, responds to his views on this idea. He tries to persuade his audience that by evaluating chance costs, we bring up our lives (p. 325).In the essay, Porter used an sinful immigrant from Stockton, California as an example to help understand opportunity costs. The immigrant must make a choice on how he is going to get his children across the Mexico rebound into the United States. Porter stated, The conversati on laid in stark relief the type of bare-knuckle cost-benefit analyses that head peoples lives (p. 326). By this statement, Porter referred to the decision of how the immigrant will transport his children and the costs that it will entail. tour the more expensive choice is safer, saving the money will take some time. The cheaper alternative, however, puts his children in peril and the possible risk of not qualification it safe or alive to the United States. Porter said, The cost of taking any action or embracing any path consists of the alternatives that were available to us at the time (p. 325). The iniquitous immigrant must weigh his opportunity cost of each path before making the important decision regarding his childrens lives. The debate on illegal immigration in the United States is hygienic known and people have very strong views on it. epoch one extreme thinks the borders should be closed off all together and all immigrants sent back to their country, the opposing view feels we were all immigrants at one time and everyone deserves a chance at starting a new smell in this country. Porter alluded that intimately peoples arguments against illegal immigrants in this country are more or less weak. He disagreed with those that argue illegal immigrants pose a burden due to the services they consume such(prenominal) as health care, victuals stamps, or lower the working wages for American workers. He stated, more or less immigrants work on the books using false IDs, and have taxes withheld from their paycheck like any other worker. They cant draw benefits from most government programs (p. 327). Basically without the proper legal documentation, illegal immigrants cannot collect welfare, food stamps, unemployment, etc. He also said, there is scant evidence that immigrants lower the wages of American workers (p. 327). Since most illegal immigrants work jobs that many Americans deem undesirable, they are really primarily competing against other poor il legal immigrants. If anything, illegal immigrants actually help many companies thrive or even exist. Without these immigrants, Californias rude industry would be nonexistent and many of the goods it produces would be imported.Everything repairs prices in the United States. Porter claimed that illegal immigrants affect prices but not in a negative manner. With a higher number of immigrants, some jobs such as gardening and housekeeping have actually seen a decrease in the average price of services. Though many politicians claim to be reforming immigration laws, Porter stated little will be done soon. Illegal immigrants provide cheap labor to many of this countrys thriving businesses. While the United States will probably not make it any easier for illegal immigrants to enter the country, they will also not completely do away with them either due to the enormous cost. In the end, all illegal immigrants must weigh the cost of their decision to enter this country against the cost of st aying in their own. Is the cost of risking their life and their families life worth the chance at a minimum wage job and the chance for successfulness in the United States? Porter felt that based on the historical trend, many immigrants will affect to choose the more dangerous path for a chance at the American dream.

The Impact Of Global Climate Change On The U.S Market Essay Example for Free

The Impact Of planetary humour swap On The U.S Market EssayIn the history of science, no subject has been as meticulously reviewed and debated as worldwide warm (Weart, Spencer cited in Doughton, Sandi 2005). Yes, it is true that climate change, commonly referred to in literatures as international heat has grown from an environmental issue, to moral and ethical one. Today, with the debate oer the issue is forever being placed on headlines in broadcast and print media, climate change heats up to a serious political issue and then as an inevitable economic issue. Due to economic rollations, the linked States, with President Bush refused to sign in the Kyoto treaty which compels signatory countries to ignore carbon dioxide emission. For Bush, to sign in the treaty would mean compromising the United States economy due to the fact that the compliance requirements give be too expensive and that it would hobble the economy (Lynch, David 2006). Europe and Japan puddle alrea dy adopted the Kyoto Treaty in 1997. Despite Bush stand on the issue of orbicular heating, economists and business analysts throw away positively pointed to the benefits of climate change to the worlds economy and therefrom agreed that climate change has indeed provided a sound business opportunity for specific industries.Lynch, in the March 31, 2006 online issue of the USA Today, has cited several(prenominal) companies that recognized the business opportunity offered by the issue on ball-shaped warming. Planktos is a small ti Valley company developed a business idea of selling its carbon-eating phytoplankton to countries in Europe which have plans of cutting down the carbon-dioxide emission. In 2005, the company had initi henchman make a sale of $1.3 million to solar Energy Ltd., establish in Vancouver despite the fact that the product was still at the testing decimal point (Taylor, Chris, 2006).Another well-established company, the General Electric Company, has also recogni zed the huge business opportunity for signing up in the Kyoto Treaty. GE adopted a project called Ecomagination Initiative which focused on developing and producing environment-friendly technologies that it sees go out make a sound market shargon for them. As early as 1988, DuPont started to stop do use of chlorofluorocarbons in their products and had reduced its carbon dioxide emission by 72% by the year 2003. What started as an effort to address our carbon footprint has turned break through to be financially a rattling good thing (Fisher, Linda cited in Lynch, David 2006).One more thing that has improved in todays view of climate change is that more and more private companies have recognized the rightfulness of global warming and that there really is the need to arrive at action at the most immediate term possible. Lynch reported that there atomic number 18 already forty companies who argon joining business council nonionized by the Pew optic on Global Climate adjustmen t, among them are IBM, Whirlpool, John Hancock and Boeing.These companies did not seem to make a significant appeal to the United States economy which currently has not so far started taking economic steps to encourage the business community to curtail or at least curb their carbon dioxide emissions. The United States government might have good reasons to do so. position aside examples taken by European companies, government and private U.S. sector made estimates that Kyoto Treaty would price its economy about $125 billion to $400 billion out of its $13 trillion yearbook cost (The USA Today, March 31, 2007).On the issue of economic impact of climate change, the United States got an ally in the person of Sir Nicholas Stern, a former World Bank Economist. Stern estimates that at the worst outcome scenario, Global warming could cut the worlds annual economic output by as much as 20% or at least 1% of the annual economic output (BBC News, October 27, 2006). Mercer Investment Consul ting espouse resulted to a 44% institutional investors agreeing that climate change is very consequential or somewhat important in economic terms, while 14% said it would take five historic period more in the first place the issue becomes significant (The USA Today, March 31, 2007).Looking back at the issue, climate change has separate even the scientific community, the climatologists in particular, into believers and skeptics. Do the Kyoto signatories belong to the believers side and the United States on the skeptics side? What is the truth behind the issue of global warming? What is in it that made it so controversial even in the field of science? match to recent results of Time, ABC and Standard polls, the the Statesns 85% believe that global warming is true and is happening right now (Taylor, Chris 2006). However, in the science world, results of surveys relative to the issue generally implies that the scientific community recognizes that there the worlds climate is changi ng and is warming.Skepticism is however a figure part of the scientific community. Skepticism plays an essential role in scientific research, and, far from trying to privateness skeptics, science invites their contributions. So too, the global warming debate benefits from traditional scientific skepticism (Hansen, James 1999). So when skeptics are persistent on denying the threat of global warming while others agreed, the scientific community expects it. . such challenges eventually strengthen our understanding of the subject, but it is a never-ending process, as answers raise more questions to be pursued in order to further refine our knowledge, said Hansen. One well-known investigator at the University of California, Naomi Oreskes found that there is bias on the part of the skeptics oddly on the issue of global warming. Few skeptics publish in peer-reviewed journals, which check for accuracy and omissions (Oreskes, Naomi cited in Doughton, Sandi 2005). Doughton also stressed t hat most skeptics eviscerate government funding for their researches which also affect the objectivity of their research results.Regardless of the presence of the skeptics, there are evidences that climate change is real and that the scientific community recognizes its occurrence and serious threat. Oreskes of the University of California found that out that 1,000 studies published between 1993 and 2003, randomly selected by Oreskes, all point to the same conclusion that people are warming the planet (Doughton, Sandi 2005). The skeptics offer alternative causes of climate change, such as natural forces that mitigate the cause of greenhouse gases, although Doughton stressed that they were not so far able to explain these well.The Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), a body of reputation established by the United Nations in 1988, finally have released its formalised stand on the issue in 2001 There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming discovered over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities (The Seattle Times, October 11, 2005). The IPCC reviews scientific reports every five years by 2,000 scientists, by the governments of every member country and the United States is not exempted.In 2006, the United States field Center for Policy Analysis released its official statement relative to its position in the 1992 UN Global Warming Treaty held at Rio de Janeiro, which calls for the voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction of member countries. NCPA made a cost analysis of the economic impact of the said treaty to the US economy and were summarized as follows (National Center for Policy Analysis, No. 213, September 6, 1996)Commitment to greenhouse gas emission reduction would consequently reduce US Gross Domestic Product y $200 billion annually. It is important to stress that the computer science was based only on 10% greenhouse gas emission reduction rate based on 1990 records.The treaty would force the government to addition prices of gas by 60 cents per gallon in order to cover for the 10% reduction quota. The same also requires the government to double the price of heating oil (Burnett, Sterling 1996).The 1992 Rio freight would cause half million Americans to lose their jobs in the next 14 years, according to the area conducted by DRI/McGraw Hill. In a separate study conducted by Constad Research Inc., 1992 Rio fealty would cause the United States to close 1.6 million job opportunities in nine years of its implementation.The above statements were made and released during the administration of Bill Clinton, who favors the Rio commitment. These could have been the same basis used by Bush who, unlike Clinton, remote the updated version Kyoto Treaty. Even as UN member country, Bush has not yet signed into the treaty to stand by with Japan and Europe on the effort of halting the effects of climate change.Let us consider that the technological changes in the United States economy would be exp ensive when it finally decided to make commitment to the Kyoto Treaty. Let us also assume that the cost analysis of the skeptics is accurate. But still, this writer believes that the cost of inertia would overturn the cost expensive cost of taking action for the US economy. This is based on the study prudently conducted by the University of Maryland, of which the results were summarized in Five Lessons as followsLesson 1 stinting Impacts Will Occur throughout the Country- All sectors of the economy pull up stakes be negatively impact by climate change especially the agriculture, energy and transportation sectors. The University of Maryland cited examples of forest fires which is blamed to global warming, cost California (Oakland, 1991) and the counties of San Diego and San Bernardino in 2003 over $2 billion damages. In 1997, floods in North Dakota and the Midwest in 1993 cost $1 billion and $6-8 billion in unpolished losses respectively (University of Maryland, p.3).Lesson 2 Eco nomic Impacts Will Be unevenly Distributed across Regions and Economic and Social Sectors the study calculated that the maple sugar industry in the Northeast will suffer 15%-40% of revenue losses due to reduced sap flow. The dairy industry in California will suffer about $287-$982 million losses due to changes in temperature. Changes in temperature are also seen as one significant cause of the overspread of pests and disease (University of Maryland, p.4). The contrary effects of the spread of spruce bark beetle which struck Alaska costs $332 million annual loss in its flavour industry.Lesson 3 Negative Climate Impacts Will Outweigh Benefits for Most Economic Sectors New Yorks agricultural industry for example would be severely affected by the severe shortage of water furnish especially in dry seasons wherein the Central Valley of the said state depends on their economic resources. Climate change would then expect to result in $6 billion losses. On the other hand, Texas will s uffer losses up to $6.5 billion in 2030 and $10.13 billion in 2090 (University of Maryland, p.5).Lesson 4 Climate Change Will Place Immense Strain on Public Sector Budgets- due to the damages of popular flooding and storms, the government would naturally be forced to allocate more funds for the rehabilitation of the shamed properties. Aside from this, the budget allocated for disasters or that part of the budget called calamity fund will necessarily increase as there will be more people to be rescued and relocated to safer areas. According to the calculation of the study, rise in sea levels by 20 inches in the year 2100 would require the federal official government to allocate $23-$170 billion for damages in coastal properties. Increased global warming is also estimated by researchers to cost Washington State about 50% increase in fire-suppression in 2020 and over 100% increase by 2040 (p.6).Lesson 5 Secondary Effects Can Include higher(prenominal) Prices, Reduced Income, Job Loss damages in the agricultural sector would normally increase the prices of its products and therefore would be too heavy for consumers to carry. Reduced income in climate affected sectors, for example in the tonicity industry, in the aquaculture sector, in the amusement centers (beach resorts) would force investors and business owners to cut down on their expenses and so their employees too. much people will the lose their jobs as more and more economic sectors will be affected by the damages brought about by calamities attributable to global warming.Let us weigh things objectively. We have seen that both taking action and of non taking action would cost the United States economy significant measurement of dollars. But we have seen the evidences that the cost of not taking action surpasses the costs should the US economy take action now. Technological changes to cope up with the Kyoto commitment quota are one-time investment efforts that will save millions, possibly billions of lives and trillions of properties and future revenues.The truth of the occurrence of global warming has already been well-established as well as the evidences of its adverse effects to different sectors of our society. If the US government is concerned about its economy for hesitating to sign in the Kyoto Treaty, they should seriously consider the economic opportunities taken by European companies as well as the Nipponese nation over the issue.WORKS CITEDBurnett, Sterling H (1996). US National Center for Policy Analysis. Global Warming Treaty Costs for the U. S. Brief Analysis No. 213. September 6, 1996. Retrieved on November 24, 2007 from http//www.ncpa.org/ba/ba213.htmlDoughton, Sandi (2005). The virtue about Global Warming. The Seattle Times, October 11, 2005. Retrieved on November 24, 2007 from http//seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002549346_globewarm11.htmlGlobal Warming Threat to Growth. BBC News, October 27, 2006. Retrieved on November 24, 2007 from http//news.b bc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6093396.stmHansen, James (1999). The Global Warming Debate. Retrieved on November 24, 2007 from http//www.giss.nasa.gov/edu/gwdebate/Lynch, David (2006). Corporate America warms to fight against global warming .The USA Today, May 31, 2006. Retrieved on November 24, 2007 from http//www.usatoday.com/weather/climate/2006-05-31-business-globalwarming_x.htmTaylor, Chris (2006). Why global warming is good for business. CNN News Online, April 17, 2006. Retrieved on November 24, 2007 from http//money.cnn.com/2006/04/13/technology/business2_futureboy0413/index.htmUniversity of Maryland (2007). The US Economic Impacts of Climate Change and the Costs of Inaction. A Review and Assessment by the Center for endogenetic Environmental Research (CIER). October 2007. pp.1-7

Strictly Ballroom Essay Example for Free

Strictly B everyroom EssayThe concept of be is explored well in the dash Strictly Ballroom. Directed by Baz Luhrmann and released in 1992, this film explores the concept of belonging in relation to places, events and relationships. throughout the film, proficiencys such as symbolism, lighting, costume, non-diagetic music and dialogue help to express these concepts to the audience.Firstly, Symbolism is the almost common technique utilize throughout the film to convey belonging to the ballroom dancing cosmea. In shooting 1 of Strictly Ballroom, symbolism is used to connect the protagonist, Scott to the world of ballroom dancing. The number 100 pinned to his spinal column represents his strive for perfection and his determination to win. The gold sequinned costume also reinforces this idea, also being symbolic of the rosy performance expected of him. Through symbolism, we can see that scott is trying to belong to the ballroom dancing world by line uping to their standards and expectations.Secondly, belonging to different places is delineated through the film technique of lighting. In icon 3 when Scott is dancing by himself in front of the mirrors, natural lighting is used which conveys a reason of freedom and enjoyment felt by him as he dances his own steps. Scott feels a new open sense of belonging where he can be himself. This is contrasted to the bright, artificial lighting used in the opposition where everyone must(prenominal) conform to standards of the Dance Federation. In the argument, Scott does not smile and he is conforming to the standards of the dance colleagueship which do not allow new steps in the competition.Anformer(a) aspect of belonging explored in the film is belonging and relationships, especially for Fran and Scott. This is expressed through the choice of costume for both protagonists. At the origination of the film (scene 1) Fran wears oversized t-shirt and tights and oversized glasses. When we ar introduced to Scott , he is wearing costumes for the dance competition but when we see him by himself or dancing with Fran, he wears simple white singlet and shady pants.Also for Fran, as the film progresses, her clothes are replaced with more figure hugging leotards and leggings with skirts. By Scene 4, we see both protagonists have matching costumes (simple black and white attire) which symbolises their growing connection as a couple. The removal of her glasses in this scene completes her transformation from the ugly duckling. This technique conveys the belonging of the protagonists to individually other as opposed to belonging to the dance federation and also represents their blooming relationship.Non-diegetic music is also used effectively to show their relationship. Also in Scene 4, Scott and Fran are dancing to the song Time later on Time. Some of the lyrics read If you fall I will catch you which symbolises Scotts increasing acceptance of Fran and frailness versa and also the development of their relationship not just professionally but also suggesting it romantically. They are offset printing to belong to each other. In Scene 7, Non-diegetic music is used once again and again they are dancing to the song.Its lyrics You wont admit you love me..a million times ive asked you and then I ask you over and over again your only answer pehaps, perhaps, perhapsif you cant make your assessment up well never get started and I dont want to wind up being parted broken hearted are symbolic of the decision Scott needs to make both professionally and romantically in regards to his relationship with Fran. Their relationship is also emphasised through the close-up shot of them dancing and their smart eye contact. These techniques combine to delineate to us the growing sense of belonging Scott and Fran have with their relationship to each other.Lastly, towards the end of the film, a long shot has been used to show us that the protagonists, mainly Scott, have name their sense of belon ging. The long shot has been used at the Pan Pacifics to view all the dance couples on the dancefloor. The long shot juxtaposes Scott and Frans strong, passionate dancing against the flamboyant, inexpressive dancing of all the other couples percentage to reinforce how much they dont belong to this world. Costume, once again has been used to emphasise this render as Fran is wearing a beautiful, red, simple but sophisticated flamingo dress and Scott is wearing a spirited gold matador jacket. These vibrant colours are symbolic of their passion for dancing and each other as well as their authenticity in their dance. Their costumes look beautiful and authentic in contrast to all the other couples who are wearing frilly, brightly coloured costumes which ridiculous in comparison. Scott has finally a sure sense of belonging for himself which is being true to oneself. communion is used to show that in order to belong, you must conform to the standards of the Dance Federation and the auth ority, Barry Fife (the antagonist). In Scene 1 after Scott danced his own steps, his dance partner at the time, Liz, says to him Im not dancing with you until you dance they way youre supposed to. Lizs dialogue puts ram on Scott to conform rejecting his desire for individuality. Les says he resorted to his own flashy, crowd pleasing steps showing reprehension for what happened feeling that the dance should be to please the judges and Barry Fife. When Scott asks his friend Wayne how he felt about his dance, he replies I dont know, you didnt win did you? showing that winning is everything in the dance world. Dialogue has been used to make us viewers aware that in the Ballroom Dancing world, the concept of belonging means conforming to the rules and standards set up by them.In conclusion, we can understand there are different ways to belong. Belonging to a place or an event may require you to conform to their rules and standards which can stifle individuality- this can have negative effects on people. Relationship and belonging may help you find yourself. Also finding belonging by being true to oneself is so most important.

Aci Financial Statement Essay Example for Free

Aci Financial dictation EssayThe companies be now preparing this tale as an inviolate part of their fiscal controls. This paper examines empirically the stream practices followed by example companies in preparation of n stars go down account and concludes that the sample companies atomic number 18 in line (with few exceptions) with the consumements of international explanation example (IAS)-7 or Bangladesh write up Standard (BAS)-7. It also proposes more or less suggestions for improving the presentation of the positment Key nomenclature dislodge rise contention, IAS/BAS, Listed Comp any(prenominal), Disclosure. Introduction The purpose of a hood fuse fiscal argument is to provide schooling on the currency conflate from a familys in operation(p), expend and funding activities to enable the users of its pecuniary contestations to evaluate the expertness of the partnership to generate light upon and to use the historic exchange flows to predict in store(predicate) bullion flows. The immediate payment flow culture enhances the comparability of the operating performance by discordant companies, because it eliminates the effect that arise from the use of various invoice treatments for the same transactions and events.The use of specie flow info is gaining importance in the analysis of pecuniary statements (Epstein 1991 Yap 1997 Jones and Widjaja 1998 Previts and Bricker 1994). notesflow learning is considered less open to usage than data on earnings, because it is based on the actual receipt and payment of funds only and not on the accrual and another(prenominal) accounting system principles. Rees (199575) adds that the money flow statement can be more illuminating than the other statements. up to now, he literature on the notes flow statement indicates that there ar grey-haired atomic number 18as in coin flow reportage that be open to various interpretations (Everingham and Watson 2002). The perceived simplicity of the capital in flow statement whitethorn therefore create synthetic confidence in the reliability of companies change flow reporting and the comparability of various companies coin flow info. The acceptance of IAS-7 The Cash unravel affirmation has added a new dimension to the preparation and presentation of pecuniary statements in Bangladesh.This paper is an attempt to go over into the state of funds flow reporting by the listed Bangladeshi * Lecturers, Department of vocation Administration, ASA University Bangladesh 210 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 no. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 Textiles and Clothing companies in general. The focus is not on the quality of the reporting of the companies scarcely rather on what the reporting levels are in general. Objectives of the get a line The major objectives of the study are as follows 1. to identify the trustworthy practice of specie flow statement of pharmaceutic companies in Bangladesh. 2. o provide present exchange flow statement format, grammatical construction and reporting on the rear of information provided in the annual reports of the selected listed pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. Methodology of the study The study was conducted in accordance with secondary information obtained from various sources. The overview of normalisation of mo networkary reporting and the regulatory framework has been based on laws, regulation, and guideline and also on various published sources of information interpreted from International news report Standard Board (IASB) and Bangladesh accounting Standard 7 (BAS 7).A limited look has also been made lotion a total of 12 pharmaceutic companies annual reports (2009) enlisted in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). These are selected on the basis of convenience sampling procedure. In beau monde to make the study more revealing it also covers some research articles, textbooks, publications and web si tuations of various accounting bodies. Limitations of the study 1. Applied non net incomeability techniques have been used. 2. Due to terminus ad quem of the extensive materials, books and previous studies in Bangladesh literature review could not be extensive. 3.This study consists of only 12 listed Pharmaceutical companies due to time and resources constraints. Literature review Cash flow statement A historic surroundings/background Cash flow Accounting (CFA) was the main system of accounting up to first of the 18th century (Watanabe, Izumi The evolution of Income Accounting in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Britain, Osaka University of Economics, Vol. 57, no. 5, January 2007, p. 27-30). coin till then, accounting allocation and profit measurement were relatively unimportant the profit and loss account macrocosm used to close off ledger accounts at each period end.However, with the advent of concept and practices of job continuity, periodic measure and statement of fina ncial position began to grow. Thus the basis of cash transaction becomes posterior for the allocation based systems of accounting today. Although there has been a reasonably sustained worry in depot flow statements (based on allocated accounting data) since the beginning of the twenty century, CFA appears to have reliable little or no support from accountants until the early 1960s.At that time there was little concern over the use of cash flow data in the financial analysis- cash flow being interpreted as profit plus depreciation (. Winjum, J. o, 1972). In 1961 AICPA recognized the importance of fund statement by publishing Accounting Research Study (ARS) Cash Flow argumentation Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 211 NO 2Cash flow analysis and fund statements. Before that, accountants had prepared funds statements primarily as management report. The Accounting Principles Board (APB) responded in October 1963 by issuing APB Opinion NO. the statements of and application of funds, which recommended that a statement of sources and application of funds be presented on a supplementary basis. Because of the favorable response of the business union to this pronouncement, the APB issued Opinion nary(prenominal) 198 Reporting changing in Financial Position in March 1971. This evaluatement indispensable that a statement of changing financial position be presented as a staple fiber financial statement and be covered by the auditors reports. In 1981 the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) reconsidered fund flow issues as part of the conceptual framework project taken in 1976.At this time the FASB decided that the cash flow reporting issues should be considered at the sample level. Subsequent deliberation settlemented in Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 95 Statement of cash flows in Nobember1987 (Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel 1998 1936). Fund flow statement Vs Cash flow statement Both fund flow statement and cash flow statement serve as a fundamental part of the financial statements. In 1961, the AICPA issued ARS No. 2, Cash Flow Analysis and the Fund Statements which recommended that a fund statement covered by auditors opinion be entangled in companies financial reports. tally to paragraph 5 of Preface to Statement of International Accounting Standard approved by the IASC Board in November1982 for publication in January 1983 and supersedes the preface published in January 1975 (amended March 1978), the term financial statements covers proportionality sheets, income statement or profit and loss accounts, statements of change in financial position, notes and other statements and explanatory materials which are identify as being part of financial statements (IASC, 200032).As per paragraph 7 of framework for the Preparation and first appearance of Financial Statements (approved by IASC Board in April 1989 for publication in July 1989) A complete set of financial statement normally includes a remainder sheet, an income statements, a statements of change in financial position (which may be presented in a variety of ways, for example as a statement of cash flow or a statement of fund flows) and those notes and other statements and explanatory materials that are an entire part of the financial statements (IASC p. 3-44). As per paragraph 4 of the previous IAS 7 (October 1977), statements of change in financial position, the term funds referred to cash, cash and cash equivalents or working capital (IFAC, 1992 p. 813). Funds provided or used in subprogram of an try should be presented in the statements of changes in financial statement separately from other sources and uses of fund.Unusual items, which are not part of ordinary activities of the first step, should be separately disclosed (IASC Para 21). But some users of financial statements consider current practices of reporting fund flows as confusing because too much information is matt in the statements of change in financial posi tion, and because no adept definition has been established (Mosich and Larsen, 1982 p. 935).In effect to develop a conceptual framework for financial accounting and reporting, the FASB issued in December 1980 a password memorandum reporting Fund flow, liquid and Financial Flexibility which was issued for the future(a) reasons (1) for assessing future cash flow, and (2) current practices regarding the reporting of funds flow information are not entirely satisfactory. As a result of deliberation, FASB issued SFAS NO. 95 Statements of Cash Flow in 1987.The statements require the inclusion of statements of Cash Flows rather than a statement of Change in Financial position when issuing a complete set of financial statements 212 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 which was made effective for annual periods ending after July 15, 1988. The major requirements of the statements are of the following two areas Basis of Presentation The statement must(prenominal) focus on cash receipts and payments and must explain the change in cash plus cash equivalents.Classification of cash flows Cash flows are to be categorize accord to operating, investment funds and financing activities. The basis of such mixed bag is derived from the financial theory, which state that the green light derives the cash used for investing activities and settlement of step to the forestanding financial contract in an accounting period from internal and out-of-door sources. Internal cash sources emanate from the net cash generated from current subprogram and perhaps disinvesting and depletion of cash resources at the start of the period.External cash sources come from financing activities such as borrowing and receiving cash from the sale of impartiality shares to existing and new shareholders (Wallace et,al). Benefits of Cash Flow Information The information in a cash flow statement helps investors, creditors, and others to assess the following aspects of the firms financial position. such statements serve as a mechanism for predicting the ability to generate future cash flows for the investors, creditors and others. This enables managers or management to plan coordinate and control financial operation in an effective manner. It gives an indication of the race between profitability and cash generating ability thus of the quality of the profit earned. It furnishes information to the management regarding the entities ability to pay dividend and meet obligations. Analyst and other users of financial information often, formally or informally, develop models to assess and compare the present value of the future cash flow of entities. Historical cash flow statements could be useful to check the accuracy of ult assessment (ACCA Text book part 2. P. 324). It is free from manipulation and is not affected by subjective judgments or by accounting policies. Such a statement dictates situations when a business has made huge profit but has run out money or it has sustained loss but has enough cash availability. The extent of cash generated from operational activity and external finance in order to meet capital, task, and dividend requirements can be obtained from such statements (Lee, T. A 197227-36). It aids in the paygrade of risk, which includes both the expected variability of future return and probability of insolvency or bankruptcy ( Hendrickson, Eldom.S, 1982 237). Such statements reveal the capability of an first step to pay its short obligation as and when due to the lenders. A cash flow statement in conjunction with a relief sheet provides information on liquidity, viability, and adaptability. The vestibular sense sheet is often used to obtain information on liquidity, but the information is rather sketchy for this purpose as the balance sheet is prepared at a particular point of time. Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 213 It may assists users of financial statements in making ju dgments on the amounts, measure and degree of certainty of future cash flows. This statement provides information that is useful in checking the accuracy of past assessment of future cash flows and in examining the relationship between profitability and net cash flow and the impact of changing price (IAS 7 Para 3 4). Information on cash flows classify advertisement by three groups of activities (Operating, investing and financing) that allow users to assess the impact of those activities on the financial position of the enterprise and the amount of its cash and cash equivalents.This information may also be to evaluate the relationship among those activities (IAS 7 Para 11). This statement is of special importance in assessing future cash flows, quality of income operating capability, financial flexibly and liquidity, and information on financing and investing activities. Using cash flows from operating activities from the cash flow statements, different ratios such as liquidi ty, ratio, solvency ratio, and profitability ratios can also be calculated to evaluate an enterprises liquidity, solvency, and profitability. Aziz uddin and Bala, 2001 p. 14) Overview of Cash flow statement The cash flow statement explains the changes that have occurred in the social clubs cash and cash equivalents during the year by classifying the cash flows in its operating, investing and financing activities. The statement must focus on cash receipts and payments and must explain the change in cash plus cash equivalents. The classification is done in a way that is most appropriate to the companys business.The following are the definitions of the components of the cash flow statement Cash cash on slew and pick up deposits Cash equivalents short term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Operating activities the principal revenue-producing activities of the enterprise and ot her activities that are not investing or financing activities Investing activities the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not include in cash equivalents. finance activities activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the equity capital and borrowings of the enterprise (Epstein, p. 93). Objective and Scope of IAS 7 Information about the cash flow of an enterprise is useful in providing users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the enterprise to utilize those cash flows. The economic decision taken by users requires an evaluation of the ability of an enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and timing and certainty of their generation.The objective of IAS 7 is to require the provision of information about the historical change in cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise by means of a cash flow statement that classifies cash flo ws during the period from operating, investing and financing activities. An enterprise should prepare a cash flow statement in accordance with the requirements of IAS 7 and should present it as an integral part of its financial statements for each period for which financial statements are prepared.Users of an enterprises financial statements are interested in how the enterprise generates and uses cash and cash equivalents. This is the case regardless of the nature of the enterprise activities and irrespective of whether cash can be viewed 214 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 as the product of the enterprise, as may be the case with a financial institution. Enterprises need cash for the same reason however different their principal revenue- producing activities might be.They need cash to conduct their operations, to pay their obligations and to provide return to the investors. Accordingly this criterion requires all enterprises to present a cash flow (Para 1 3). Presentation of Cash flow statement to a lower place IAS 7 Cash and cash equivalent The definition of cash and cash equivalent are central to the preparation and interpretation of cash flow statements. Cash consists of cash in hand and demand deposits, coins and notes of an organization, etc. In our country deposits in postal accounts may be termed as cash (Cooper and Ijiri, 1984 88 Ghosh, 2001).Cash equivalents are short-run, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amount of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. According to the definitions of paragraph 6 of IAS 7 cash comprises cash in hand and demand deposits usually cash on hand includes currency, notes, and coin in the cash box of the enterprise. It also includes prize bond, negotiable money orders, postal orders, and under posited checks, bank drafts or pay- order.Demand deposits refer to deposits in checking accounts in banks and other financial institutions th at may be reclusive without notice usually subject to deduction of outstanding check. Thus cash equivalents 1. are short-term investments but the term short not clearly specified, although a period of three months and less is suggested to be taken as short term period. 2. are highly liquid investments. Here liquid means having in a situation where cash equivalents are available in sufficient amount to meet obligation of payments. . are investments that are both (a) readily convertible, to known amounts of cash and (b) subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. According to SFAC No. 95, the risk categorically refers to risk of change in interest rate. The short-term investments are so near their maturity that they represent insignificant risk of changes in interest rate. Examples include treasury bills, commercial papers, and money market funds purchased with cash that is in excess of immediate needs.However, although by definition, cash equivalents refer to short term hi ghly liquid investments, they are usually held for the purpose of skirmish short term cash commitments rather than for other purpose. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to insignificant risk of change in value. Therefore an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months and less from the date of acquisition. integrity nvestments are excluded from the cash equivalents unless they are, in substance, cash equivalents, for example in the case of preferred share acquired deep down a short period of their maturity and with a specified redemption date (Para 7). Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 215 Preparation of Cash flow statements IAS 7 requires cash flows to be sort into operating, investing, and financing activities. Example of cash flows by category Operating workivities Inflows Receipts from customers Outflo ws Payments to suppliersAdvance deposits from customers Wages and salaries to employees Income tax revenue refunds Income tax payments chase received on customers notes or Other tax payments accounts Dividends and interest received from Interest compensable on bank debt or bonds outstanding and investments and included in determining net included in determining net income income Investing Activities Cash received from sale of capital assets Payments for purchase of capital assets Cash from sale of debt or equity investments Cash flows capitalized as intangible assets, such as suppuration costs start-up costs capitalized interest exploration Costs Collection of principal on loans to others Purchase of debt or equity securities of others Interest and dividends received on investments Loans extended to others and not included in determining net income financial support Activities Net proceed of issuing debt or equity securities Payment of principal on bonds or bank loans Cash proceeds received from bank loans Purchase of the entitys own shares Interest salaried on bank debt or bonds outstanding and not included in determining net income Dividends remunerative to shareholders Variations in Reporting activities for Cash flows A. Operating or Financing activities Transactions with different categories included in cash flows are classified in a different manner. According to IAS 7, Para 12, A single transaction may include cash flows that are classified differently.For example, when the cash repayment of a loan includes both interest and capital the interest element may be classified as operating activities and the capital amount is classified as financing activities. B. Operating or investing and financing activities both(prenominal) cash flows may be classified as arising from any activities such as interest, dividend income tax. The detailed provisions of these types are as follows. 216 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 Interest a. For a financial institution, interest remunerative and interest received are usually classified as operating cash flows (para 33). b. For other enterprise, interest paid and interest received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the decisiveness of net profit or loss. or else, interest paid may be classified as financing cash flows, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources. Interest received may be classified as investing cash flows, because they are returns on investments (para 33). Dividend a. For a financial institution, dividends received are usually classified as operating cash flow (Para 33). b. For other enterprise, dividends received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the determination of net profit or loss. or else dividend received may be classified as investing cash flows, because they are returns on investments (para 33). c. Dividend paid may be classified as financing cash flows, because th ey are costs of obtaining financial resources.Alternatively dividend paid may be classified as component of cash flows from operating activities in order to assist users to determine the ability of an enterprise to pay dividend out of operating cash flows (para 34). Income tax a. Taxes on income arise on a transaction that gives to the cash flows that are classified as operating, investing, and financing activities in cash flow statement. While tax expense may be readily identifiable with investing or financing activities, the related tax cash flows are often impracticable to identify and may arise in a different period from the cash flows of the underlying transactions. Therefore taxes paid are usually classified as cash flows from operating activities.However, often it is practicable to identify the tax cash flow within individual transaction that gives rise to cash flows that are classified as investing or financing activity as appropriate. When tax cash flows are allocated over more than one class of activity, the total amount of taxes paid is disclosed (Para 36). In the light of SFAS 95, Transaction that enter into the determination of net income are defined as operating activities and hence, interest received or paid, dividend received and taxes on income are rigidly treated to arise from operating activities. Dividend to stakeholders are treated as cash outflows classified as financing activities (Keiso and Weygandt, 1998 1275-76) Cash flow statement Practices in BangladeshRegulatory Framework, in the eyes of the Companies Act 1994 (Act no. 18 of 1994) According to Section 183 of the Companies Act 1994 (which came into effect from 1 January 1995), a company is required to present balance sheet, profit and loss account (income and expenditure account, in case of non profit companies). to a lower place section 185, the balance sheet and the income statement have to be prepared according to the forms set out in Part 1 and Part 2 of Schedule XI respectivel y under which information on consecutive two years (concerned year and Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 217 preceding year) are to be provided.However according to note (g) of the general instruction for preparation of balance sheet (given in part 1 of schedule XI after the horizontal format of the balance sheet), a statement of change in financial position shall be included as an integral part of the financial statements, and shall be presented for each period for which the profit and loss account is prepared. However no specific format of cash flow statement has been prescribed in Companies Act 1994. In the light of the Security and Exchange swayer 1987 (S. R. O No. 237-l/87 dated on 28 September 1987) Under the provision of rule 12 (1) of the Securities and Exchanges Rules (SER) 1987(amended by the section notification No. minute/ Section 7/SER/03/132 dated 22 october1997 published in the official gazette on 29 December 1997), the annual report to be f urnished by an issuer of listed security shall include a balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow statement and notes to the accounts collectively hereinafter referred to as the financial statement. In the part III of the Schedule of the SER 1987, issues relating to interest paid on short-term borrowing, interest and dividend received income taxes are clearly guidelined. For example, interest paid on short-term borrowing shall be a cash outflow under operating activities interest and dividend received shall be a cash inflow under investing activities. And interest paid on long term borrowing and dividend paid shall be a cash outflow under financing activities.Under paragraph 35-36, taxes on income should be treated as operating cash outflow unless they can be identified in financing and investing activities. Findings of the study To know the extent of cash flows statement reporting practices by Pharmaceutical companies, a survey has been conducted covering twelve annual rep orts (2009) (For detailed the name of the companies see Appendix-1). The major findings of the study are given down the stairs in terms of general variations in reporting and voluntary manifestation. General findings It includes the current format and structure of cash flow statement and the extent of compliance of IAS-7, followed by sample Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh. wholly the sample companies prepare cash flow statement as required by IAS-7/BAS 7 take by the Institute of Chartered Accountant of Bangladesh and present it as an integral part of the financial statements. Notes to cash flow statement have been presented as part of the financial statements in case of all the sample companies. The sample companies prepare cash flow statement in vertical form and shows figure of cash flows of the current year and the previous year. All the sample companies cash flow statement contains a classification of operational, investing, and financing activities. The sample com panies did not illustrate the indemnity dopted in determining the formulation of cash and cash equivalents although this is required by paragraph 36 of IAS 7. 218 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 Variation in Reporting another(prenominal) objective of the survey was to determine which alternatives, permitted by IAS-7, are used most in practice by Bangladeshi pharmaceutical companies. It is found that there are not many differences between companies in their reporting of cash flow information. This is expected because the preparation of cash flow statement does not allow for many choices, differences of interpretation or different accounting treatments. The results are set out in table 1. carry over-1 Variations in reporting Cash flow statement (CFS) Factors 1 Notes to CFS Options Separately, following the CFS Part of the notes to the financial statements Incorporated in the CFS summate Direct method Indirect method Total Operating activities or no interest F inancing Investing activities Total Financing activities or no dividends Operating activities Investing activities Total Part of accounting policy note Nothing disclosed Total Operating activities or no tax Financing activities Investing activities Total Number of companies 0 12 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 12 2 Operating activities 3 Interest received and Interest paid 4 Dividend received and Dividend paid 5 Definition of cash and cash equivalents 6 Income tax Notes to table 1 Refer to point 2 of Table 1.According to IAS-7 and SEC Rule 1987, the enterprises are encouraged to report cash flows from operating activities using the direct method. The direct method provides information which may be useful in estimating future cash flows which is not available under the corroborative method. All the sample companies followed the direct method in reporting operating cash flows. One company (Pharmaceutical Mithun Knitting Dyeing Ltd. ) discloses cash flows from operat ing activities under indirect method in notes of financial statements as additional information. Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 219 Refer to points 3 4 of Table 1.All the companies studied have shown interest received and paid under operating activities and interest paid on long term borrowing and dividend paid under financing activities. Refer to points 5 6 of Table 1. All the companies studied have shown definition of cash and cash equivalents in the notes of accounting policy and income tax under operating activities. Voluntary disclosure The survey also included an examination of any additional information that is disclosed regarding the companys cash flow which is not required by IAS-7, but which may be helpful to the user. For example, separate disclosure of cash flows increases operating capacity and cash flows that maintain operating capacity, disclosure of segmental cash flows, cash flow per share etc.The survey found no company to disclose such additional voluntary information in its cash flow statement. Conclusion and Recommendation A materially misstated cash flow statement, whether it is in terms of ridiculous classification in the categories or numerical accuracy, can be mis touching to the user and can lead to wrong decisions taken by the users of the statement. The survey has revealed that although sample companies prepare cash flow statement according to International Accounting Standard-7 (BAS-7), there is also a degree of non-compliance. It is, however, found that there are not many differences between companies in their reporting of cash flow information.This is expected because the preparation of cash flow statement does not allow for many choices, differences of interpretation or different accounting treatments. To make cash flow statement more informative and useful for users, the companies should disclose additional voluntary information such as cash flow per share in their cash flow statements. Items c onsisting of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities should also be clarified in the notes of the financial statements. Due to the limited scope of the present study, a large number of research issues have not been attempted but are identified in the course of the study.Disclosure practices of additional items other than operating, investing and financing activities, disclosure practices differences between listed and unlisted companies, disclosure practices differences between financial and other institutions are some such potential issues for future research. 220 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 References Annual Reports of Sample Pharmaceutical Companies Listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange 2009. Aziz Uddin, A. B. M and Bala. , S. K. ( 2001), Cash Flow Reporting in Bangladesh, The Cost Management, Nov- Dec. ICMAB, p. 13. FASB Discussion Memorandum (1980), Reporting Funds Flow, Liquidity and Financial Flexibilit y, FASB, Stanford. Thomas H. Beechy. Joan E. D. Conrod, Intermediate Accounting, second Edition, Chpter 5, Exhibit 5-1 pp. 91 Ghosh, Santi N. (2001),Workshop Material on IAS 7 Cash Flow Statements compiled under the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB)Project, Development of Accounting and Auditing Standards in Bangladesh, The World Bank. organisation of Bangladesh (GOB) (1994), The Companies Act 1994 (Act No. 18 of 1994). Gup, B. E. Samson, W. D. 1993. An analysis of patterns from the statement of cash flows. Financial Practice Education, 3(2)73-79. Hendrickson, Eldom. S(1982), Accounting Theory, Richard D. Irwin, Inc. , Illinois, p. 236. Hertenstein, J. McKinnon, S. 1997. figure out the puzzle of the cash flow statement. Business Horizons, 40(1)69-76.International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) (2000), International Accounting Standards 2000 International Accounting Standards Committee, London, International Accounting Standard IAS 7 (revised 1992) Cash Flow Statements in pp. 139165. International conspiracy of Accounting (IFAC) (1992), IFAC Handbook 1992 Technical Pronouncements (New York IFAC). IAS 7 (October 1977) Statement of Changes in Financial Position in pp. 812- 816. Khan, M. H. Akter, M. S. Ghosh, S. K (2005), Cash Flow Statement Disclosures A Study of Banking Companies in Bangladesh. Available at www. pcte. edu. in/site/OJMR/Finance/cashflow. pdf Keiso, Donald, E. and Jerry. J.Weygandt (1998), Intermediate Accounting, John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York, 9th Edition, pp. 1275-76. Lee, T. A. 1982. Cash flow accounting and the allocation problem. Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 9(3)341-352. Lee, T. A (1972), A Case for Cash Flow Reporting, Journal of Business Finance, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 27-36 as quoted in Studies of Accounting Theory, Steyn, B. W. Hamman, W. D. 2003. Cash flow reporting are listed companies complying with AC 118? Meditari, 11167-180. Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Accounting Principles, 9th editio n, John, Wilely and Sons, Inc, pp. 732-733 Wallace, R. S. O. and Choudhury, M. S. I. And Pendelbary, M. 1997), Cash Flow Statements An International Comparison of Regulatory Positions, The International Journal of Accounting, Vol. 32, No, 1, pp. 1-22 Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 221 Appendix-1 List of the twelve Pharmaceutical companies studied. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. GlaxcoSmithKline Bangladesh circumscribed (2009) The IBN SINA Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd. (2009) BEXIMCO PHARMACEUTICAL LTD. (2009) huntsman INFUSION LTD. (2009) ACI Formulation Limited (2009) Ambee Pharmaceutical Limited (2009) Square Pharmaceutical Ltd. (2009) Libra Infusions Limited (2009) BEACOM Pharmaceuticals Limited (2009) Rahman Chemicals Limited (2009) Renata Limited (2009) Therapeutics (Bangladesh) Limited (2009)