Forensic Entomology research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Forensic Entomology - Research Paper Example It was not until 1668 that Francesco Redi disproved this by observing how these creatures developed into flies, and much later, in 1894 that Megnin developed a method to link this process with a method for calculating the age of a dead body (Byrd and Castner, p. 41). Throughout the twentieth century scientific methods of analysis have improved greatly, with the result that at the present time forensic entomology is a well-established discipline within forensic science, complete with rigorous protocols and extensive underpinning research which help to ensure that it provides relevant, accurate and reliable evidence for crime investigation and prosecution purposes. Forensic entomology is therefore a dual discipline combining elements of natural science in the methods of collection and analysis of samples, and elements of criminology, in the interpretation and application of results, and in the preservation of evidence which is reliable enough to stand up to scrutiny in the criminal jus tice system. Although these two areas have a different focus, they are closely aligned in crime investigation procedures, requiring collaboration across disciplines according to clear scientific principles. This paper explores the contribution that forensic entomology makes to crime investigation and prosecution by examining three of its major areas of application: 1. Determining the post mortem interval (PMI); 2. Providing human DNA linkages and 3. Providing toxicology information. A number of limitations as well as legal and procedural issues are covered also in section 4. 1.Determining the Post Mortem Interval (PMI) through forensic entomology. 1.1 Species involved. Corpses provide a very specialized ephemeral environment which is colonized by particular communities of arthropods in a predictable manner, with one species following on after another in a process known as â€Å"succession† (Horswell, 2004, p. 347). The main species The first species to arrive, often within mi nutes of death, are blowflies. Blowflies from the Calliphoridae family are generally the first stage invaders, and then after these others follow Sarcophagids which constitute a second stage, often overlapping with the first stage somewhat. After this follow the third stage Muscids and Piophilids (Horswell, 2004, p. 348). 1.2 Types of information obtainable. Scientists are able to obtain good information from a corpse soon after death, by taking photographs, measuring temperature, observing rigor mortis and any wounds, and conducting various other tests on the tissue. With increasing passage of time, however, the tissue degenerates, and it is more difficult to obtain reliable data. Because the life cycle of insects is known, and the effects of temperature and weather can be factored in to the equation, careful collection of insects at the scene can provide useful estimate of the PMI. Empirical work in the laboratory has established standard growth times for many of the most common c arrion feeding species, and this means that the determination of PMI has become the most used application of forensic entomology in modern crime scenes (Nabity et al. 2006, p. 1276). Another useful piece of information that can be obtained from examination of species present in a corpse is the whether or not the body has been moved.

Acknowledgement- master dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Acknowledgement- master dissertation - Essay Example XXXX taught me that to learn is to constantly challenge what I have learned. It was only through his support and persevering patience that I found the courage and will to overcome the many obstacles and vicissitudes on my way to finishing this dissertation. - My professors, XXXX and XXXX, for their helpful comments and insightful critique in guiding me through the techniques of dissertation writing and choice of topic. Their pragmatic realism coupled with constant encouragement allowed me to grow in both knowledge and character. - My beloved father, Dr. XXXXX, who stands as my role model in both my personal and academic life, for his unwavering support and prayers for my wellbeing and success, and for always being there for me; - My mother, my first and wisest teacher, for raising me to value knowledge and virtue, and for standing by me and encouraging me with her sweet words and unshakeable faith in my eventual success, not only in my graduate studies, for in everything I pursue in life. - My dear husband, XXXXX, for being the wind beneath my wings, and for being the wellspring of support and patience I needed to forge on. It is his belief and trust in me that saw me through the most difficult times in the course of my graduate

Stakeholders in Health and Safety Duties at Work

Stakeholders in Health and Safety Duties at Work Client The client has responsibilities on a work site. The client is responsible for checking the competence of all the appointees and their resources. They must make sure that the facilities for all of the workers are suitable for their welfare. They must allow sufficient resources and time for each stage in the project and not rush any of the project. They must also provide information to the designer and contactors before the construction. The client is also responsible for hiring a CDM co-ordinator and a principle contractor. They must also make sure that the construction doesnt start unless the construction phase is complete and all of the welfare facilities for the workers are on site, provide a health and safety information file for the CDM co-ordinator and retain and provide access to the health and safety file. CDM Co-ordinator A CDM co-ordinators main duties are to advise and assist the client with their duties, to keep the HSE notified of the project details. Cooperate with everyone involved in the design and coordinate all of the health and safety aspects of the design. Facilitate good communication between the designer, contractor and client. Communicate and meet with the principle contractor regarding the design work. Analyse, gather and convey pre-construction information. And to prepare and keep the health and safety file up to date. Architect The architect is responsible for making sure that there will be no risks or hazards whilst still in the design stage of the build. After that is done they must provide information on all the other risks that there could still be and that cannot be completely prevented. The architect must make sure that the client is aware of their roles and responsibilities during the design stage and the construction phase of the whole process; they are also responsible for making sure that the client has hired a CDM coordinator. They must also provide information for the health and safety file and also keep the file updated. Workers Workers have health and safety responsibilities on site, as they are the most likely to be involved in an accident they also have dutys to health and safety. The workers must be competent and know what they are doing at all times. They must report any obvious risks that they see in a site so that accidents can be avoided. Coordinating their work and cooperating with all of the workers to ensure you own and everyone elses health and safety. They must also follow the health and safety rules and procedures and be aware of any hazards there could be on a site. P2 Outline the legal duties of employees and employers in relation to three pieces of health, safety and welfare legislation relevant to the construction and built environment sector Legislation in health and safety are very important as they can help protect people from accidents and keep them safe in the working environment. This also covers people who arent part of the building companys employment. There are many different legislation which all protect different areas of work. Legislations like the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASAWA), Working at Heights 2007 (WAH), Control of Substances Hazardous to Health 2002 (COSHH). The HASAWA is a very important legislation that was introduced in 1974 and many other pieces of legislation have been developed from this act. The HASAWA covers the duty of care that is on a construction site. There has been a large amount of health and safety legislation that has been created since HASAWA. It covers the occupational health and safety in Great Britain. Health and safety executives and other enforcing bodies are responsible for the administration of the legislation. The employer has responsibilities that they must follow out so that employees are safe. The employer must ensure health, safety and welfare at work to all of their employees. The employer must prepare a written statement of their general health and safety policy. They are also responsible for the enforcing of safety and reduce the risk to health involved in all the employees areas. The employee also has duties that they must follow out. The employees must take reasonable care in their safety and the safety of those around them who may be affected by their actions. They must also cooperate with the employer so that requirements can be met. COSHH is another important piece of legislation that is used in construction. This legislation helps to protect then workers from handling substances that could be fatal. The legislation ensures that the harmful substances will be supressed so that it is less of a risk to the employees. The legislation also states that employees must be informed about the substance and should have their health monitored if work with hazardous substances. Many businesses use substances that can be harmful to workers and these businesses should inform and train employees so that the substances can be handled. The employee has duties that they must carry out whilst enforcing the COSHH act. They must make sure that the substance has had a proper assessment identifying the risks that this substance may have on the heath of anyone involved, the assessments must also be updated if they become invalid or out dated. Substances that have a COSHH warning label must be stated in the inventory and material safety data sheets. The employees must also be train, supervised and instructed on the risk that the substance could have on the health of the employees and the precautions that must be taken. The employees also have duties that they must follow according to the COSHH act. Employees must know the hazards substances that are present and read the signs that are present at the work site and should handle the substances safely and follow the instructions given. They must ensure that the warning labels are left on the containers and inform management of and situation involving the substances that could be dangerous. The final legislation is the WAH. This act is a law. This legislation ensures that before workers start working at a height the working must be planned and organized, the workers must be competent. The work must be assessed before the workers go up and the equipment that they are using must be the correct equipment. The risk of surfaces that may be fragile should be controlled and supported and the equipment that is used must be properly inspected and maintained. The duty holder must be responsible for the legislation being put into practice. The employer must ensure that all of the work is planned and organized and is carried out by a competent employee. The employees must receive information, training and instruction on how to safely use the equipment and how to spot defects in the equipment. They must follow the hierarchy of controls and they must do as much as they can that is practical to stop workers from falling. Employees must report and possible hazards or faulty equipment t o the employer and they must use the equipment supplied and follow instructions correctly and safely.

The Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage Essay -- Papers

The Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage Consider how your placement setting was effective in meeting the learning needs of all the children, with specific reference to: 1. Communication, Language and Literacy 2. Mathematical Development 3. Knowledge and Understanding of the World In this assignment I will explain what I understand the Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage to be about. I will also describe the nursery setting in which I was placed and discuss if it was effective in promoting a positive learning environment. My 3-5 placement was based at Gorse Hall Nursery in Stalybridge. And finally I intend to discuss how the nursery setting encouraged the children to develop their learning in Communication: Language and Literacy, Mathematical Development and Knowledge and Understanding of the World. I will draw upon my observations, experiences and study tasks to discuss my understanding of the Foundation Stage. According to Keating, I, (2002), â€Å"†¦the Foundation Stage is crucial in helping every child to develop skills, knowledge and understanding, attitudes and concepts which will prepare them not only for entry into full-time school but for the rest of their lives.† Children are already bringing with them a range of experiences and personal interests from home and it essential that the teacher discover these and implement them into their planning. Gorse Hall Nursery follow a school policy which suggests that teachers develop a partnership with parents. Parents are encouraged to come in to nursery and talk to staff if they have any concerns. They are also involved in their child’s learni... ...ctive to teach something that the children have no experience of. Then ensuring they are planned within a context e.g. Autumn, fruit and veg. Making them enjoyable. Compare and contrast children’s behaviour/ responses/attitudes in the morning and in the afternoon. What do you notice? The children are different in the afternoon so it is difficult to compare behaviour. The afternoon children have more problems with concentration, especially at story time when they fidget a lot more. The afternoon children need more supervision than the morning children. Does the planning reflect children’s responses in the morning and afternoon? Task five continue†¦ The planning is the same in the afternoon as the morning but is executed a little differently according to the temperament of the children.

Impact Of Green Architecture On Lebanon Environmental Sciences Essay

Since the Industrial Revolution, the universe has witnessed incalculable technological accomplishments, population growing, and matching additions in resource usage. As we enter a new century, we are acknowledging the â€Å" side effects † of our activities: pollution, landfills at capacity, toxic waste, planetary heating, resource and ozone depletion, and deforestation. These attempts are striving the bounds of the Earth ‘s â€Å" transporting capacity † -its ability to supply the resources required to prolong life while retaining the capacity to renew and stay feasible. As the universe ‘s population continues to spread out, execution of resource-efficient steps in all countries of human activity is imperative. The reinforced environment is one clear illustration of the impact of human activity on resources. Buildings have a important impact on the environment, accounting for one-sixth of the universe ‘s fresh water backdowns, one-fourth of its wood crop, and two-fifths of its stuff and energy flows. Structures besides impact countries beyond their immediate location, impacting the water partings, air quality, and transit forms of communities. That acknowledgment is taking to alterations in the manner the edifice industry and edifice proprietors approach the design, building, and operation of constructions. With the leading of diverse groups in the public and private sectors, the edifice industry is traveling toward a new value in its work: that of environmental public presentation. The industry ‘s turning sustainability moral principle is based on the rules of resource efficiency, wellness, and productiveness. Realization of these rules involves an integrated, multidisciplinary approach-one in which a edifice undertaking and its constituents are viewed on a full life-cycle footing. This â€Å" cradle-to-cradle † attack, known as â€Å" green † or â€Å" sustainable † edifice, considers a edifice ‘s entire economic and environmental impact and public presentation, from material extraction and merchandise industry to merchandise transit edifice design and building, operations and care, and edifice reuse or disposal. Ultimately, acceptance of sustainable edifice patterns will take to a displacement in the edifice industry, with sustainability exhaustively embedded in its pattern, merchandises, criterions, codifications, and ordinances. Understanding the particulars of sustainable edifice and finding effectual sustainable patterns can be confounding. Local authoritiess and private industry frequently do non hold the resources to execute the necessary research to assemble information on sustainable patterns, presuming such information is readily available. This thesis, by its parts, presents a full vision about green architecture, green edifices, and the chance to use this architecture in Lebanon. In Addition, it includes a full conceptual design for a proposed undertaking related to such architecture. In a brief presentation, the parts of the thesis are:Part 1: Green ArchitectureThis subdivision over viewaˆÂ ¦Part 2: Lebanon and Green ArchitectureLebanon and Green Architecture outlines the relation between Green Architecture and LebanonaˆÂ ¦Part 3: Lebanese Green Building CouncilThis is a subdivision which gives a full thought about the Lebanese Green Building CouncilaˆÂ ¦Part 4: Similar Projects & A ; Area ‘s AnalysisThis subdivision containsaˆÂ ¦Part 5: Site AnalysissSite Analyses chapters provide elaborate information on the proposed siteaˆÂ ¦Part 6: LGBC HeadquarterA subdivision which contains a full conceptual plansaˆÂ ¦Part 1: Green Architecture / Green BuildingsDefinitionSustainable development is the challenge of run intoing turning human demands for natural resources, industrial merchandises, energy, nutrient, transit, shelter, and effectual waste direction while conserving and protecting environmental quality and the natural resource b ase indispensable for future life and development. This construct recognizes that run intoing long-run human demands will be impossible unless we besides conserve the Earth ‘s natural physical, chemical, and biological systems. Sustainable development constructs, applied to the design, building, and operation of edifices, can heighten both the economic wellbeing and environmental wellness of communities around the universe. The Union Internationale des Architects/American Institute of Architects ( UIA/AIA ) World Congress of Architects recognized that in its 1993 Declaration of Interdependence, which acknowledges that edifices and the built environment drama a major function in the human impact on the natural environment and on the quality of life. If sustainable design rules are incorporated into edifice undertakings, benefits can include resource and energy efficiency, healthy edifices and stuffs, ecologically and socially sensitive land usage, transit efficiency, and strengthened local economic systems and communities. Embracing sustainability constructs, the ends aim to cut down energy, operation, and care costs ; cut down building-related unwellnesss ; increase the productiveness and comfort of edifice residents ; cut down waste and pollution ; and increase edifice and constituent lastingness and flexibleness. In the developed states, public and private leaders have realized the economic and environmental benefits of green edifice patterns and are establishing policies, developing edifice guidelines, and fabrication merchandises and systems that will accomplish sustainable development ends.Green edifices historyHistorical BuildingsHarmonizing to David Gissen, conservator of architecture and design and the National Building Museum in Washington DC, structures such as London ‘s Crystal Palace and Milan ‘s Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II used methods that decreased the impact of the construction on the environment. Systems such as roof ventilators and belowground air chilling Chamberss were used to modulate indoor air temperature. In the early 20th century, several skyscrapers such as the Flatiron Building and the New York Times Building in New York utilised deep-set Windowss and the Carson Pirie Scott section shop in Chicago had retractable sunshades. Both of these techniques were effectual in commanding interior temperature while lessoning the edifices ‘ impact on the environment. From the 1930 ‘s through the 1960 ‘s, the forward believing chilling methods mentioned above gave manner to some new edifice engineerings that would alter inner-city edifice building dramatically. The innovation of air conditioning, brooding glass, and structural steel popularized the enclosed glass and steel edifices that litter the American metropolis today. These edifices were able to be heated and cooled with monolithic HVAC systems that consumed immense sums of cheap and readily available fossil fuels. The monolithic ingestion of energy required to populate these edifices made their viability tenable and wholly dependent upon energy handiness and cost.The InfancyAround the clip that the â€Å" glass box † manner high rise had become the icon of the American metropolis ( circa 1970 ) , a frontward believing group of designers, conservationists, and ecologists were inspired by the turning environmental motion and the higher fuel costs that were prevailing during the 1970s. The generation of these two scenarios finally resulted in the modern physique green motion. The first Earth Day, celebrated in April 1970, gave some acceptance to this new edifice construct, but the OPEC oil trade stoppage of 1973 gave the burgeoning environmental motion, and later the green physique attempt, the kick start it needed. With gas lines stretching for blocks, some Americans began to oppugn the conventional wisdom that we should be so independently reliant upon fossil fuels for our energy. As a consequence of the oil trade stoppage, amongst other energy concerns, the American Institute of Architects ( AIA ) formed a Committee on Energy that was broken into two cantonments. â€Å" One group looked toward inactive, such as brooding roofing stuffs and environmentally good posing of edifices, to accomplish energy nest eggs, while the other concentrated more on technological solutions, such as the usage of triple-glazed Windowss. † As energy concerns subsided, impulse for green edifice and the environment, in general, slowed down, but a dedicated core-group of designers continued to force their green edifice construct frontward. A twosome of noteworthy edifices constructed during the 1970ss which utilised constructs of green design are: The Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters in England, which utilized a grass roof, day-lighted atrium, and mirrored Windowss ; the Gregory Bateson Building in California, which used energy-sensitive photovoltaic ( solar cells ) , under-floor stone shop chilling systems, and country clime control devices. Through the late 1970ss, throughout the 1880ss, and into the early 1890ss, much research was commissioned on energy efficient procedures. This research resulted in more effectual solar panels, prefabricated efficient wall systems, H2O renewals systems, modular building units, and direct use of visible radiation through Windowss in order to diminish day-time energy ingestion.Green OrganizationsGreen consequence on edifices & A ; metropolissEnergy EfficiencyApproximately 50 per centum of the energy usage in edifices is devoted to bring forthing an unreal indoor clime through warming, chilling, airing, and illuming. A typical edifice ‘s energy measure constitutes about 25 per centum of the edifice ‘s entire operating costs. Estimates indicate that climate-sensitive design utilizing available engineerings could cut warming and chilling energy ingestion by 60 per centum and illuming energy demands by at least 50 per centum in U.S. edifices.Water EfficiencyWater preservation an d efficiency plans have begun to take to significant lessenings in the usage of H2O within edifices. Water-efficient contraptions and fixtures, behavioural alterations, and alterations in irrigation methods can cut down ingestion by up to 30 per centum or more. As demand on H2O additions with urban growing, the economic impact of H2O preservation and efficiency will increase proportionally. Water efficiency non merely can take to significant H2O nest eggs, it besides can cut down the demand for enlargement of H2O intervention installations. Non-residential H2O clients account for a little per centum of the entire figure of H2O clients, but use about 35 per centum or more of the entire H2O.Waste DecreaseGreen architecture besides seeks to cut down waste of energy, H2O and stuffs used during building. For illustration, in California about 60 % of the province ‘s waste comes from commercial edifices. During the building stage, one end should be to cut down the sum of stuff traveling to landfills. Well-designed edifices besides help cut down the sum of waste generated by the residents as good, by supplying on-site solutions such as compost bins to cut down affair traveling to landfills. To cut down the impact on Wellss or H2O intervention workss, several options exist. â€Å" Greywater † , effluent from beginnings such as dishwashing or rinsing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable intents, e.g. , to blush lavatories and wash autos. Rainwater aggregators are used for similar intents. Centralized effluent intervention systems can be dearly-won and utilize a batch of energy. An alternate to this procedure is change overing waste and effluent into fertiliser, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By roll uping human waste at the beginning and running it to a semi-centralized biogas works with other biological waste, liquid fertiliser can be produced. This construct was demonstrated by a colony in Lubeck Germany in the late ninetiess. Practices like these supply dirt with organic foods and make C sinks that remove C dioxide from the ambiance, countervailing nursery gas emanation. Producing unreal fertiliser is besides more dearly-won in energy than this procedure.Construction Cost ReductionApplication of green constructing constructs can give for nest eggs during the building procedure. Measures that are comparatively easy to implement can ensue in nest eggs to the contractor in the undermentioned countries: Lower energy costs, by supervising use, put ining energy-efficient lamps and fixtures, and utilizing tenancy detectors to command lighting fixtures ; Lower H2O costs, by supervising ingestion and recycling storm H2O and/or building effluent where possible ; Lower site-clearing costs, by minimising site break and motion of Earth and installing of unreal systems ; Lower landfill dumping fees and associated trucking charges, through reuse and recycling of building and destruction dust ; Lower stuffs costs, with more careful purchase and reuse of resources and stuffs ; Possible net incomes from gross revenues of reclaimable points removed during edifice destruction ; and Fewer employee wellness jobs ensuing from hapless indoor air quality. This listing suggests some possible countries for cost nest eggs ; the undertaking squad can place other possibilities through a concerted and incorporate squad attack. The contractor can besides better dealingss with the community and edifice proprietor by sing them as portion of the squad attempt to implement environmentally sound building steps.Building Operation and MaintenanceThe green edifice steps discussed in this manual can take non merely to take down edifice operating disbursals through reduced public-service corporation and waste disposal costs, but besides to lower on-going edifice care costs, runing from wages to supplies. For illustration, in many edifices, care staff collects recycled stuffs on each floor – or even at every employee ‘s desk – and transport the stuffs down to the cellar for manus screening. Recycling chutes, a feasible green option, let direct discarding of stuffs from any floor in the edifice to the cellar. The chute system, which ideally is installed during initial building or redevelopment, can screen stuffs automatically, salvaging labour costs by extinguishing the demand to roll up, conveyance, and kind recyclables. Other nest eggs come in the signifier of lower waste trucking fees ; reduced workers ‘ compensation insurance premiums due to take down claims for accidents from crisp glass and tins ; reduced lift care ; less frequent cleansing of spills on rugs and floors ; and less demand for pest control. Environmentally friendly housework merchandises can besides hold fiscal advantages. For illustration, cleaning merchandises that are purchased as dressed ores and utilize minimum packaging non merely advance waste decrease, but besides can cut down merchandise use by 30 to 60 per centum with dispensers that more accurately step and thin the cleansing merchandises for optimal effectivity. Building proprietors need to see the edifice director and staff as critical participants in environmentally sound and cost-efficient operations. Building directors, charged with the efficient operation and care of multi-million-dollar assets, have experience in all countries of operations and care over the life of a edifice. Once a edifice is operational, preparation of direction and care staff – including instruction on effectual green constructing steps such as constructing energy direction systems, new cleansing merchandises, and new edifice codifications and criterions – can assist them to keep the edifice in a resource-efficient and economically favourable mode.Insurance and LiabilityThe past decennaries ‘ conventional office design, building, and operational patterns have decreased the quality of the indoor office environment, ensuing in new wellness concerns and associated economic costs and liability. The debut of a battalion of new contaminant pollution b eginnings into the workplace, combined with tighter edifice building, has intensified air-quality jobs. For illustration, hapless indoor air quality can ensue from such factors as defective air-conditioning systems, occupant related pollutants, building stuffs that emit high degrees of volatile organic compounds, and hapless care patterns. The U.S. EPA ranks indoor air pollution among the top five environmental hazards to public wellness. Unhealthy indoor air is found in up to 30 per centum of new and renovated edifices. Sick Building Syndrome ( SBS ) and Building Related Illness ( BRI ) have become more common in the workplace, increasing edifice proprietor and employer costs due to sickness, absenteeism, and increased liability claims. It has been estimated that SBS and BRI cost approximately $ 60 billion each twelvemonth in medical disbursals and lost worker productiveness in the United States. Legal actions related to Sick Building Syndrome and other building-related jobs have increased. These actions against edifice interior decorators, proprietors, or employers may be initiated by residents who have short- or long-run jobs, runing from concerns and firing eyes to more serious complaints. Initial economic impact may come in the signifiers of higher wellness insurance premiums, increased workers ‘ compensation claims, and reduced productiveness. Expensive redress undertakings and environmental killings may follow, and edifice proprietors may seek to retrieve losingss from the original undertaking contractors and designers through judicial proceeding. By guaranting better indoor air quality, edifice proprietors, employers, and design professionals can take down their hazard of future judicial proceeding by constructing residents. Professional liability insurance companies have indicated a willingness to offer design professionals lower insurance premiums for higher operating-procedure criterions that lead to improved indoor air quality. Some national architectural houses are trying to rate edifice merchandises harmonizing to the degrees of volatile organic compounds they emit after installing, and to educate edifice proprietors and directors about healthier merchandise picks.Occupant Health and ProductivityThe intent of a edifice is non merely to supply shelter for its residents, but besides to supply an environment conducive to high public presentation of all intended resident activities. Recent surveies have shown that edifices with good overall environmental quality, including effectual airing, natural or proper degrees of ligh ting, indoor air quality, and good acoustics, can increase worker productiveness by six to 16 per centum. An organisation ‘s most important fiscal committedness is normally to its employees. Many employers spend at least every bit much on salary-related outgos as they do on building an full company edifice. In many organisations, wages and associated benefits consume the bulk of the one-year operating budget. For illustration ; based on the sample computations in Figure 2, a typical employer could pass $ 233 per square pes yearly for an employee. Building building costs by and large fall below this degree, frequently by 50 per centum. In add-on, one-year employee salary-related outgos, utilizing the Numberss in Figure 2, are about 130 times greater than energy costs. A productivity addition of six per centum equates to nest eggs to the employer of $ 14 per square pes – eight times the cost of the edifice ‘s one-year energy measure. Given this information, an employer can make up one's mind to maximise the public presentation and efficiency of forces resources through appraisal of, and betterment to, the indoor environmental quality of its edifice. The undermentioned history of a recent redevelopment undertaking illustrates this attack. Both edifice proprietors and edifice tenant/employers can profit in other ways by bettering indoor environmental quality. For proprietors, these betterments can ensue in higher belongings values, longer tenant tenancy and rental reclamations, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability hazards, extended equipment life, and good promotion. For renters, benefits include reduced absenteeism and better employee morale, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability hazards, and community acknowledgment. If the edifice proprietor is besides the employer, an organisation can countervail initial building design and systems costs with the decrease of long-run organisational and operational disbursals over the edifice ‘s life rhythm.Constructing ValueGreen edifices ‘ high efficiency and public presentation can ensue in higher belongings values and potentially lower loaners ‘ recognition hazard. Lower operating costs associated with more efficient syste ms can take to higher constructing net income. In add-on to increasing a edifice ‘s cyberspace runing income or value, green edifice steps may let edifice proprietors to bear down higher rents or accomplish higher rates of edifice tenancy, if renters view green belongingss as more desirable. Presently, voluntary edifice evaluation plans are under development for commercial edifices in the United States. As these plans are introduced into the market place and derive the credence of edifice proprietors and renters, they could impact the value of belongingss. Prospective renters will be able to rate edifices based on such mensurable characteristics as natural daytime, better indoor air quality, and lower energy, H2O, and waste costs. If adequate edifices are rated for environmental public presentation, those that perform better will get down to recognize market advantages.Local Economic Development OpportunitiesPromotion and execution of green edifice patterns within a community can bring forth new economic development chances . These chances can take a assortment of signifiers, including new concern development to run into the demand for green merchandises and services ; resource-efficiency betterment plans that enable bing concerns to take down operating costs ; development of environmentally oriented concern territories ; and occupation preparation related to new green concerns and merchandises.Appliance & A ; Ways of usingAppliancesChoosing environmentally and economically balanced edifice stuffs. Buildings significantly alter the environment. Harmonizing to Worldwatch Institute1, constructing building consumes 40 per centum of the natural rock, crushed rock, and sand used globally each twelvemonth, and 25 per centum of the virgin wood. Buildings besides account for 40 per centum of the energy and 16 per centum of the H2O used yearly world-wide. In the United States, approximately every bit much building and destruction waste is produced as municipal refuse. Finally, unhealthy indoor air is found in 30 per centum of new and renovated edifices worldwide. Negative environmental impacts flow from these activities. For illustration, natural stuffs extraction can take to resource depletion and biological diverseness losingss. Building stuffs industry and conveyance consumes energy, which generates emanations linked to planetary heating and acerb rain. Landfill jobs, such as leaching of heavy metals, may originate from waste coevals. All these activities can take to air and H2O pollution. Unhealthy indoor air may do increased morbidity and mortality. Choosing environmentally preferred edifice stuffs is one manner to better a edifice ‘s environmental public presentation. To be practical, nevertheless, environmental public presentation must be balanced against economic public presentation. Even the most environmentally witting constructing interior decorator or edifice stuffs maker will finally desire to weigh environmental benefits against economic costs. They want to place edifice stuffs that improve environmental public presentation with small or no addition in cost. The edifice community is doing determinations today that have environmental and economic effects. Its determinations are plagued by uncomplete and unsure informations every bit good as the deficiency of a standardised methodological analysis for measuring the information. The NIST/EPA squad seeks to back up these determinations by garnering environmental and economic public presentation informations and by structuring and computerising the decision-making procedure. The ensuing BEES tool will be publically available over the Internet. In the mean while, the USGBC has published a list of stuffs – certified from LEED – incorporating several green stuffs including: flooring, interior building, pigments & A ; movie, cloths, curtains, tack surfaces, ceiling systems, illuming, contraptions, millwork, furniture and plumping fixtures.Education of green architectureSince 1993, UIA released the â€Å" Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future † proposing that the architectural profession should seek â€Å" to accomplish ecological sustainability within the limited clip that is likely to be available † . And it ‘s been 14 old ages after the release of UIA / UNESCO â€Å" Charter For Architectural Education † that registries among educational ends â€Å" an ecologically balanced and sustainable development of the built environment † . Since so, many architecture schools have introduced or upgraded classs on proficient facets of sustainability, like â€Å" Energy Conscious Design † , â€Å" Sustainable Architecture † , â€Å" Beyond Green † or â€Å" Bioclimatic Architecture † and others more. The integrating of sustainability in design schools up to now has been reviewed by several studies. Most of them portion two decisions: – foremost, that non many schools have embraced the topic in a thorough mode, indicating at ‘the low degree at which sustainable design constructs have been incorporated into the regular course of study † and detecting that â€Å" environmental instruction in architecture has been done on an ad-hoc footing, aˆÂ ¦fragmented and deficient † ; – second, that sustainable design requires learning methods rather different than the long-established 1s. Environmental crisis and its foreseeable effects are still a fringy issue in the academic discourse at schools purportedly covering with the environment, possibly because crises are non an attractive topic in our ‘feel-good ‘ epoch. As a consequence, those who will hold to undertake the looming crisis in the close hereafter are non adequately prepared. Still, the demand to implement sustainable design is widely recognized by the educational community, at least in rule. A revealing illustration is a study among architectural pedagogues in more than 30 European states in 2001, where â€Å" about 90 % of the respondents are voting for a instead dramatic displacement from a presently instead low to a high consideration of ‘Sustainable Development ‘ in future architectural instruction † . Harmonizing to the study, â€Å" merely 19 % of those said that this construct is presently having a very/quite high degree of consideration, and 83 % said it should have a very/quite high degree of consideration in architectural instruction † , placing as an â€Å" facet of taking importance † the â€Å" integrating of sustainability-issues into all studio design † . In malice of such consensus, there is still a long route until sustainable design is steadfastly rooted in architectural acquisition. There are a figure of grounds for this, within and outside the academic margin:Academic obstructions_____________________In most schools that show environmental concern, related issues are normally confined in elected categories, detached from design studios. This creates a ‘fringe ‘ repute for sustainability, eschewing its rules from the chief design undertakings to the fringe of architectural acquisition. As a consequence, no practical experience is gained in how to present sustainable qualities in the ‘core ‘ design docket.______________________In many instances the accent is on quantitative instead than qualitative affairs. As a consequence figure crunching eclipses design, and pupils tend to tie in sustainable concerns with numerical public presentation merely, detached from issues like comfort, resources, or social moralss . In that mode, sustainability-related classs are considered similar to those on proficient Fieldss like structural or mechanical design, but non ‘real ‘ architecture.______________________Sustainable design is a instead recent subject, non really familiar to the old guard that administers schools. Most coachs have had limited or even nonexistent preparation in their yesteryear, and practical experience is even more rare. Consequently, â€Å" a deficiency of importance placed on sustainable design by many architectural pedagogues † is no surprise. As a consequence, it is hard to present ‘obscure ‘ , ‘uninteresting ‘ or ‘useless ‘ new subjects to the course of study, particularly in position of the fact that sustainable design challenges the preponderantly artistic stance of architecture.___________________Sustainable design is a complex architectural attack, embracing diverse Fieldss of cognition and necessitating multi-discipli ne teamwork. Therefore its instruction can non suit with the conventional additive attack where different proficient accomplishments are segregated in different sections, with rare chances to convey them all together through joint undertakings in a holistic mode. Furthermore, â€Å" sustainable architecture is a complex topic that should be covered throughout the course of study † , non merely in sporadic undertakings.____________________Furthermore, design undertakings are often detached from earthly world as if they refer to a infinite station, barely interrelated with nature or society. Social moralss or environmental consciousness are non embedded in the docket, restricting preparation in simply proficient accomplishments with major focal point on the aesthetic. â€Å" An architectural pupil all of a sudden transported to many of our architecture schools from 1900 Paris would experience right at place † ._____________________Environmental crisis is repeatedly under the spotlight of the media but, unusually, it is rarely included in the academic discourse. There is small systematic consciousness of the relationship of edifice and urban design with critical environmental issues like energy & A ; H2O deficits, air & A ; land pollution, urban heat island & A ; ecological footmark, or resources depletion. And surely such subjects are non included in undertaking Jockey shortss or ordinary pupil work._______________________Furthermore, there is deficient auxiliary input through proficient categories like constructing natural philosophies or environmental engineering that could back up sustainable design undertakings. When pupils do non understand the dynamic linkage between constructions, environmental conditions and users, it is non easy to distinguish, state, between â€Å" edifice in the landscape † and â€Å" edifice in interaction with the landscape † .Outside the schoolroomThe debut of sustainability in architecture schools encou nters farther troubles stemming from the outer side of the academic walls:____________________Sustainable design has yet to happen a clear individuality: – Is it a edifice technique, a blend of architecture and technology that can be applied on any architectural assortment merely like, say, fire safety or seismal proofing? – Is it merely one more architectural manner, possibly with excess consideration to the environment than the remainder, with its ain stylistic hallmarks like solar aggregators, conservatories, or green labels? – Beaver state is it a fresh design mentality, where nature & A ; society, today & A ; tomorrow are equal spouses in the design model?_____________________The sustainable design household includes fluctuations like ‘energy witting ‘ , ‘bioclimatic ‘ , ‘solar ‘ , ‘ecological ‘ , or ‘green ‘ , any of which could be applied in a non-sustainable mode. For case, an energy-saving strategy could use non-ecological stuffs ; bioclimatic skyscrapers use more resources than low rise, and the sustainability of a immense ‘green ‘ sign of the zodiac with merely two residents is questionable. It is clear that sustainable design in full graduated table is a complex enterprise that requires a holistic watchfulness on a wide array of topics, proficient every bit much as societal: â€Å" Although there is much involvement and wonder about the topic, no 1 would state it ‘s easy to larn or use in pattern † .______ ________________The architectural ‘haut couture ‘ of our epoch markets themes instead far from sustainability. As a consequence prudence and ‘I?I µI„I?I?I? ‘ ( metron = Greek for step ) are ostracized from the chief architectural values. Given that architecture is ever learned by illustration, many pupils – and many adults excessively – ringer the glamourous paradigms of the expansive maitres, endeavoring for ocular originality and manner above all. The calendered architectural imperativeness barely advertises the non-sustainable characteristics of the expansive works because that would botch the ware. Therefore attending is frequently focused on 2D thoughts instead than 3D infinite or 4D affairs, and hollow feelings count more than the stuff and social facets of the built environment. As manner outshines matter and clip, sustainability is a looser.__________________Students are the last to fault for that ; given the prevailing aesthetic values, there are non excessively many sustainable illustrations exciting adequate to animate pupils. On the contrary, a frequent claim is that sustainable edifices are per se unattractive, as if all other types of architecture have merely good illustrations to demo.___________________Another repeated averment is that â€Å" environmental edifices cost more † . Here, the cost comparison footing is instead obscure, ignoring the differentiation between constructing – and running – cost, or the fact that â€Å" seeking to shoot sustainable standards subsequently, alternatively of earlier, in the design procedure is the cause of any added disbursal † . Even when the ‘extra cost ‘ is true, it is besides true that clients are frequently ready to pay more for cosmetic elements but non for, say, a more efficient boiler.The societal contextSustainable design is non an architectural exercising ; it refers to the built environment and therefore it can n on boom without societal indorsement. Architecture has ever been repeating the dominant social values and forces, so the inquiry is whether today there is room for alteration: â€Å" To transform this activity from a alone one of counter-cultural rebellion into one of mainstream pattern requires merely a critical mass of people who take it for granted as the footing for technical/cultural virtue † . There are some marks that allow optimism, but the overall societal tendencies look instead black for a sustainable design flowering:_________________In our epoch of â€Å" consumo ergo amount † , sustainable design sounds out of melody as euphoric consumerism inhibits motive for restraint. Clients demanding glistening energy-guzzlers are more influential than those inquiring for reasonable designs. Which school can develop its professionals for the hereafter while society looks the other manner?_____________________About a century ago, Modernist thought was attesting extrem ist proposals, integrating both proficient and societal issues along with a distinguishable aesthetic idiom. Today, as ‘internationalism ‘ has been replaced by ‘globalization ‘ and ‘citizens ‘ by ‘consumers ‘ , most merchandises in the post-Modernist supermarket have short expire day of the months. Many current architectural theoretical accounts rest between show concern and practical world, and there is a deficit of real-life proposals offering an inspiring mentality for a future society and its architectural linguistic communication. Sustainability does hold the necessary ingredients and principle to go the footing of such thoughts, but it is still missing a plausible broadcast -and an watchful audience.___________________The apathy for the hereafter and the animadversion of sustainable proposals can possibly be explained: Alarming tendencies are all excessively apparent as jobs are swept under the ‘panem et circenses ‘ r ug. The intensifying bad intelligence about the environmental jeopardies, triggered by human activities, lead to the denial of facts and the replacing of painful pragmatism by baseless optimism. Cipher likes Cassandras, and sustainable architecture is associated with their warnings.______________________The human impact on the environment is relative to population size, ingestion per capita, and resources or waste per ingestion unit ; therefore these three factors should be reduced if we are to accomplish a sustainable balance between nature and us. So far, we focus chiefly on the 3rd one -and that with fringy success. Decreasing the other two implies rough steps that cipher truly likes to confront. Again, sustainable propositions are straitening arrows to a acrimonious mentality.Antagonizing lassitudeSo, even if architecture schools manage to short-circuit their obstructions and embed sustainability steadfastly in the course of study, and even if sustainable design overcomes its ai n failings, there is still the critical checkpoint of societal credence. ‘Green ‘ designers need ‘green ‘ clients, otherwise their accomplishments are useless. Peoples brainwashed to devour more can non appreciate an architecture that requires less and wastes less albeit offering more. Equally long as show concern is a powerful political tool used to beef up today ‘s position quo, it will be hard for sustainable design to be more effectual in its existent consequences than, state, ‘Live Aid ‘ or ‘Make Poverty History ‘ runs. It is true that people do alter their position about the necessity of sustainability, although it is unsure to what extent they are ready to accept the effects and modify their manner of life consequently. But the gait of that alteration might be excessively slow compared with that of the environmental crisis, and cipher knows whether the dislocation will come easy like a long unwellness, or all of a sudden like a shot, without adequate clip to respond swimmingly. Therefore it is non plenty merely to present sustainable design classs at universities, or to heighten the public presentation of sustainable edifices. Alongside those pressing demands, it is every bit imperative to edify the populace about the virtues of sustainability and the hazards of ‘architecture as usual ‘ . Architects are the 1s who shape up the phase of our corporate and private lives ; hence they have the responsibility to make that with societal duty every bit much as regard to our cherished biotope -planet Earth.DecisionSustainability is a turning necessity that has to impact a broad scope of our societal precedences and aims, get downing with the credence of facts and, following, by recognizing that it is chiefly a socio-political instead than a proficient subject necessitating an earnest alteration of mentality. In that regard, sustainable architecture is non one more manner, a technique to salvage money, or a manner to decrease our ecological compunction. It is no less than an desperately needed response to semisynthetic environ-mental menaces. So far it has been hard to modify the architectural course of study efficaciously due to academic inactiveness, but schools have to admit forthcoming worlds in order to set learning topics and methods, and to transfuse sustainable spirit in the design attitude of future designers. This is a difficult undertaking as the mercenary dependence supports turning in our society, but is at that place another manner? Or we honestly believe that after a coevals we will still be constructing like today?Green UndertakingsA sustainable edifice, or green edifice is an result of a design doctrine which focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource usage – energy, H2O, and stuffs – while cut downing constructing impacts on human wellness and the environment during the edifice ‘s lifecycle, through better posing, design, building, operation, care, and remotion.The Future of Green BuildingsTo many in the edifice industry, investing in green edifice patterns may be a spring of religion. Further research and successful illustrations of sustainable edifice will progress this developing engineering and supply direct cogent evidence of its economic and health-related benefits, promoting its greater acceptance. More research is needed in life-cycle cost analysi s over the full spectrum of edifice fiction, ownership, operation, and reuse/disposal. As the information become more widespread and the impacts – including external costs associated with pollution, waste, and environmental-resource ingestion – of conventional patterns become better known, green edifice patterns will go more widespread. The green edifice motion has started to derive impulse. Each twelvemonth yields extra presentation undertakings ; tonss of new efficient and healthy engineerings ; and expanded research, criterions, codifications, and ordinances. This includes evaluation systems to measure a edifice ‘s environmental public presentation, enfranchisement plans for green edifice merchandises, and the acceptance of green edifice criterions and patterns by recognized standard-setting organisations. The handiness of progressively sophisticated computing machine package plans besides fosters the growing of green edifice patterns by doing it easier to place and measure options for a edifice undertaking. Other new tendencies and emerging constructs impacting the edifice industry include performance-based contracts, remanufacturing and merchandise leasing, teleworking and â€Å" practical offices, † and attempts to extenuate natural-disaster losingss through improved edifice patterns.Green Buildin gs in LebanonCharles Hostler Student Center by VJAATwo Residential Undertakings by Arch. Atef TabetAAtef Tabet & A ; Associates Beirut-Lebanon merely completed the design and building of two separate big houses, 950 sq. metres each. Both houses are built on big sites around 12,000 sq. metre located in rural cragged countries one in Mount Lebanon, and the other to the South of Lebanon next to Mount Haramoun. 1stHouse at Remine Design Methodology: The landscape and the architecture are intertwined intentionally as a cohesive, none dissociable entity, intermixing the interior of the house with its immediate out-of-doorss and the natural milieus. A regional and a sustainable architecture design attack with program layout to suit the client ‘s modern-day life manner. The combination of unsmooth / saw cut rock cladding â€Å" Eclate † , The slanted ruddy roof tiles, Zinc Ti curved signifiers combination stand foring a slang of a Mediterranean small town. The insulated exterior dual walls, clay/wood lofts, deep recessed dual glazed cedar wood Windowss and wooden treillages utilized in order to shadow and anneal the house interior environment, and prolong it comfortably with a dateless design signifier friendly to its immediate vicinity. 2ndHouse at Jawzat The Interior Architecture i.e. material choice, coatings, and colour spectrum or palettes, every bit good as the furniture pieces that has been designed by the office and produced locally, were carefully applied and placed in order to implement the countryside Mediterranean ambiance. The construct for both houses is to hold a sustainable timeless manner, harmonious with the natural milieus and its immediate environment.Lebanese Green OrganizationsMAJALMAJAL is an Academic Urban Observatory, advancing sustainable be aftering schemes in Lebanon. Part of Urban Planning Institute of ALBA – Academie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts, Balamand University, MAJAL was established in the aftermath of the extremely destructive July 2006 war, in order to supply a scientific monitoring of the Reconstruction procedure direction. Since so, it expanded its mission and is carry oning undertakings related to urban planning and sustainability in general. We have achieved 3 studies on Reconstruction and carried out many expertness missions for municipalities and assorted local and international organisations.Mission: AMAJAL ‘s work today consists in three types of activities: Monitoring set of indexs on building procedure and sustainable planning Technical support to determination shapers in the signifier of adept missions, confer withing services, preparation, or other specific undertakings in urban planning and development undertakings. Advocacy, lobbying and consciousness elevation in the Fieldss of good administration, and sustainable planning.Lebanese Green Building CouncilThe Lebanon Green Building Council ( LGBC ) is an NGO that provides stewardship towards a sustainable built environment. It promotes, spreads and helps implement high public presentation building constructs that are environmentally responsible, healthy and profitable. LGBC acts on market, educational, and legislative issues to accomplish its ends. The LGBC is officially accredited as an â€Å" Emerging council † with the World Green Building Council. The LGBC aims to go a prima non-profit organisation working to advance the sustainable edifice industry of an international degree.AIts members will strongly recommend sustainable edifices in the purpose of planing a built environment that allows future coevalss to profit from the natural resources that will be available to them. The purpose of the organisation is to supply a Lebanese enfranchisement system for edifices that adopt environmental parametric quantities and to transform the manner edifices and communities are designed into a comfortable environment that improves the quality of life.Mission: AThe LGBC shall endeavour: Identifying and advancing processs, methods and solutions for the design, planning, building and use of both new edifices and major redevelopment of bing edifices that achieve the end of sustainability. Populating infinites shall be created in an environmentally-friendly, resource-saving and economic manner that enhances the wellness and comfort of their users. Attesting the edifices that achieve the fixed evaluation degrees and run into the demands of a sustainable built environment. Identifying, inventing and advancing processs, methods and solutions for the planning, design, building, redevelopment, use, care and public presentation appraisal of edifices that aim to accomplish the end of sustainability as per the enfranchisement system set by the LGBC. Developing & A ; advancing industry criterions, educational plans and design patterns, aiming professionals related to environmentally responsible edifices, persons and squads, and at all stages. Conducting research and educational activities and prosecuting in buttonholing attempts to advance green edifice patterns and statute law. Inventing and advancing tips and suggestions for sustainable life styles that enhance the proper usage, and continuing the unity of green edifices and detering â€Å" green lavation † .

Beauty of a Woman

Great controversy has surrounded women during this generation regarding the idea of beauty. It seems to be a preconceived notion to many people in America today that women of today’s’ standards are far more revealing and outgoing than that of yesteryear. Women in the past were more conservative and caring as to the way they looked and acted. The question remains, are these ideas accurate, and if so, is this a more desirable way for a woman to be? Young girls of today look to role models such as Britney Spears, Paris Hilton, and Lindsey Lohan for beauty.If this is the gauge in which standards are set, it is done so poorly. These young women have come to fame at an early age and seem to try to defy any sense of discretion or modesty that they have. They wear revealing clothes, if anything at all, and behave rudely and carelessly in public places. Other role models of today’s society strive to be perfect, no matter the cost. Actresses such as Mary-Kate Olsen and Nic ole Richey have both reportedly been treated for eating disorders, all at the cost of a perfect body.Women of today are repeatedly receiving messages that one must be thin and beautiful to be worthy of attention. Media is constantly telling women of these things through ads, articles, commercials, and movies. It is easy to believe that women who lived in the 1950’s had it easy, in the regard to the pressures to be thin and attractive. According to The Feminine Mystique, a book written in 1963 by Betty Freidman, some of these cliches of women in the 1950’s is not necessarily true.First of all, women in the 50’s were starving themselves to fit into the department store dresses. One shopper was quoted as saying, â€Å"Women are out to fit the clothes, not visa-versa. † It was reported that women were three to four dress sizes smaller in the 1950’s than they were in 1939. Women from the 1950’s were dying in hospitals for refusing cancer treatmen ts because the side affects were â€Å"unfeminine. † The beauty of a woman is not solely related to the way she looks. Beauty comes from within, as well.Are women of today more beautiful than that of days gone by? Women in this era, who have been freed by the Women’s Liberation Movement of the 1970’s, seem to have no qualms about maintaining a career and a family. Many of the women of today seem to have it all – the American Dream perhaps. Some feel that the women of today are happier than ever before. Delving deeper into this ideal raises the notion that perhaps women feel more alone today than in the past. They struggle with feelings of guilt and anxiety regarding childcare and divided family time.Perhaps women of today wish times could be simpler, like they were in the 1950’s. Women of the 50’s also argued that they were living the American Dream. The suburban housewife – she was the dream image of the young American women and the envy, it was said, of women all over the world. (Friedan, 2). However, these suburban housewives stopped attending college, began getting married in their teens, and seemed to forget their place as women in society, instead replacing that role with that of a housewife. A woman in the 1950’s cared deeply about the way that they looked.They insisted their homes are kept up, that their children be presentable, and that everything had the appearance of perfection in their lives. A woman of today also cares deeply about the way she looks. They also desire that their homes be kept up, their children presentable, and everything appears perfect within their lives. However, all of these things are just that – the appearance of something. Deep down, women in the 1950’s felt very isolated and dissatisfied. Many had dreams and desires that had somehow been oppressed for years.Somewhere along the way, they were told that their true identities no longer mattered. Instead, the y must look the way television or a magazine tells them to look. They should do what the media tells them to do and nothing more. Somehow, a woman in the 1950’s bought into these ideas and became mindless to it. The women of today may also feel dissatisfied and isolated. Perhaps, the women of today are also living in the shadows of what the media tells them to do. Women go to college, get six figure incomes, and strive to get ahead no matter what the cost.The women of today are no different that those of days gone by. The only thing that has changed is the issue which is oppressing them. To conclude, the women of the 50’s were incredibly beautiful, as are the women of today. The women of days gone by cared just as much of her appearance as the women of today. Women continue to have the same social and personal issues today that affected them fifty years ago. Women have come a long way in some regards, and are still so far behind in others. References Friedan, Betty. Th e Feminine Mystique. 1963. http://us. history. wisc. edu

Geography at Harvard

Geography at Harvard In the latter half of the 20th century, geography as an academic discipline suffered greatly, especially in American higher education. The reasons for this are undoubtedly many, but the biggest contributor was arguably a decision made at Harvard University in 1948 in which university President James Conant declared geography to be not a university subject. In the ensuing decades, universities began dropping geography as an academic discipline until it was no longer found in the nations top schools. But American Geographer, Carl Sauer, wrote in the opening paragraph of Education of a Geographer that the interest [in geography] is immemorial and universal; should we [geographers] disappear, the field will remain and not become vacant. Such a prediction is bold to say the very least. But, is Sauers assertion true? Could geography, with all its historical and contemporary importance, withstand an academic hit like it took at Harvard? What Happened At Harvard? Several key figures emerge in this debate. The first was President James Conant. He was a physical scientist, used to the rigorous nature of research and the employment of a distinct scientific methodology, something which geography was accused of lacking at that time. His charge as the president was to guide the university through the financially lean times in the post-World War II years. The second key figure is Derwent Whittlesey, the chair of the geography department. Whittlesey was a human geographer, for which he was heavily criticized. Physical scientists at Harvard, including many geographers and geologists, felt that human geography was unscientific, lacked rigor, and was not deserving of a place at Harvard. Whittlesey also had a sexual preference which was not as widely accepted in 1948. He hired his live-in partner, Harold Kemp, as a geography lecturer for the department. Kemp was considered by many a mediocre scholar which lent support to geographys critics. Alexander Hamilton Rice, another figure in the Harvard geography affair, founded the Institute for Geographical Exploration at the university. He was considered by many to be a charlatan and would often leave on an expedition while he was supposed to be teaching classes. This made him an annoyance to President Conant and the Harvard administration and did not help geographys reputation. Also, prior to founding the institute, Rice and his wealthy wife tried buying the presidency of the American Geographical Society, contingent on Isaiah Bowman, chair of the geography department at Johns Hopkins University, being removed from the position. Ultimately the plan did not work but the incident did create tension between Rice and Bowman. Isaiah Bowman was a graduate of the geography program at Harvard and was a promoter of geography, just not at his alma mater. Years earlier, a work of Bowmans had been rejected by Whittlesey for use as a geography textbook. The rejection led to an exchange of letters which strained relations between them. Bowman was also described as puritanical and it is supposed that he did not like Whittleseys sexual preference. He also did not like Whittleseys partner, a mediocre scholar, being associated with his alma mater. As a distinguished alumnus, Bowman was part of the committee to evaluate geography at Harvard. It is widely considered that his actions on the geography evaluation committee effectively ended the department at Harvard. Geographer Neil Smith wrote in 1987 that Bowmans silence condemned Harvard Geography and later, when he tried to resuscitate it, his words put nails in the coffin. But, Is Geography Still Being Taught At Harvard? Four Traditions of Geography Earth Science Tradition - earth, water, atmosphere, and relationship to the sunMan-land Tradition - humans and the environment, natural hazards, population, and environmentalismArea Studies Tradition - world regions, international trends, and global relationshipsSpatial Tradition - spatial analysis, geographic information systems Researching Harvard academics online reveals the degree courses for each program are included to show the geographic nature of material being taught within them. Its also important to note that geography was likely ousted at Harvard because of clashing personalities and budgets cuts, not because it wasnt an important academic subject. One could say that it was up to geographers to defend the reputation of geography at Harvard and they failed. Now it is up to those who believe in the merits of geography to reinvigorate it in American education by encouraging and promoting geographic teaching and literacy and supporting rigorous geography standards in schools. This article is adapted from a paper, Geography at Harvard, Revisited, also by the author. Important References: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 77 no. 2 155-172. Vol. 77 no. 2 155-172.

Suicide Locations Essay examples

Suicide Locations Essay examples Suicide Locations Essay examples Suicide Locations: The Deeper Meaning behind the Tragedy Suicide is the act of taking one's own life voluntarily and intentionally. There are many intentions when it comes to suicide. One might want to punish someone by making them feel responsible, want to join a loved one that has died or don’t feel like they belong. When someone has the intention of killing themselves, there are several different methods. From most popular to least popular methods include firearms, hanging/suffocation, solid/liquid poison, gas poison and jumping from high places. All of these different ways have a deeper meaning. Every suicide ever planned has the intention of leaving behind a message. The suicide location is one of these. The location the suicidal person chooses to end their life at is an important factor in the suicide attempt. In the novel â€Å"A Long Way Down†, an unexpected group of people meet on New Year's Eve on the roof of the popular suicide spot Topper's House, where eac h one has the intention of ending their lives. If it were not for the location this group of people chose to potentially end their life, they would have never been able to save themselves. There are three types of suicidal, those who attempt but don’t want to die, those that are undecided and those who attempt and want to die. Those that don’t want to die make it a red light for those close to him/her. Those who are undecided let others know their intentions and leave the rest to them to interfere. If nothing is done, then it must be fate. If they’re barred then life must be worthwhile. Those that want to die are usually affected by depression or are bipolar and are left untreated. Depression isn’t about being sad. It’s like a darkness that takes over someone and fills them. It drains everything emotional in a person. It takes everything, and leaves one feeling hollow and numb. Like nothing. It’s not sadness, it’s not anger, itâ€⠄¢s hopelessness. They may feel like there is no hope left. This is the most dangerous type of suicidal because it can be easily prevented by prescribing the adequate medication or counseling. Sometimes it only takes one to person to save a life. One of the world’s top suicide locations is the Aokigahara Forest in Japan. Aokigahara is also known as the Sea of Trees. It is a forest that lies at the base of Mount Fuji. The caverns found in this forest are rocky and ice-covered, even during the summer. It is an old forest reportedly haunted by many legends of ghosts and goblins, which add to its sinister reputation. Aokigahara has been suspected to have begun its death toll after the novel Kuroi Kaiju (Black Sea of Trees) in 1960. At the end of this novel, it ends with two lovers committing suicide in the Aokigahara forest. People who enter this

Arthur Millers formation of a miserable story The Crucible

Arthur Millers formation of a miserable story The Crucible Essay The great play writer, Arthur Miller formed a miserable story The Crucible during the dark Mc Carthy Ela. The story was based on Salem Witch Trials and the event behind the history. The author created a parallel story to spend the reader the message of how he thinks about the Anti-Communism activity of the 1950s. The Salem Witch Trials and Anti-Communism activity of the 1950s are parallels. Many of the events are similar within The Crucible and the Red Scare. For example, Parris said, You will confess yourself or I will take you out and whip you to your death, (pg44) a situation often seen in the Red Scare. The people in The Crucible are forced to confess-which is very similar to when people needed to confess to keep their job or their life in the Red Scare. The author used these lines to show the evilness in Salem Witch Trials in relation to the Red Scare. For people to get freedom in the Red Scare they had to accuse others and that was the hunt rule. The same thing showed up in The Crucible, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of being a witch by poking a needle in herself as proof. To help Abigail accuse other, the helpers shouted Herrick, Herrick, it is a needle. (pg74) The author points out that there are people who know the truth but do not stand for it, like the girls in The Crucible. It wasnt easy to stand for the truth because people fear it so much. Certainly, the phrase crush him might indicate kill and destroy the devil when Parris tell the girl I mean to crush him utterly if he has shown his face. (pg39) No one really knows how the devil is and people think the devil is in the witchcraft, but the real devil is the fear of difference. Parris think the devil is going to destroy the town so he should destroy the devil. If there is fear inside him, the devil will never disappear; in reflection to the Red Scare, the whole idea about Anti-Communism was fear. So, Arthur Miller used The Crucible as a story to reflect and parallel the Red Scare in the 1950s. The Crucible is the message about how the author feels about the Anti-communism activity in the 1950s. The Arthur Miller used many symbolic phrases or events in The Crucible to express how he fells about the Red Scare. Like when Hale says, But you must understand, sir'(pg94), shows the people have been forced to understand. The word must conveys the people in the Salem Witch Trials and the Red Scare are making their choice under pressure. No one knows why the witch and the Communism are here because they can not know. But someone doesnt chose to exchange accusing others with freedom. When Giles says,I can not give you his name'(pg96), for himself, it means there are no name for him to give out; however, for the officers, it means he does not want to give out the name. The difference between the Giles and the officers are Giles believes in the truth, and the officers believe in a twisted mental idea. The officers are the people who have been twisted and twisting others, that was what authors message trying to say. Even though, they may find out they are wrong, they still think they should always be right. At one point of the story, John Proctor anger shouts in the front of everyone in the town before he die, I am John Proctor! You will not use me! (pg143). That proofed John Proctor made a real mans choice, and so did the author-Arthur Miller, he went to jail because he didnt want to twist the truth. John Proctors cry is the steadfast decision of the Arthur Miller. The author spends the reader his message of how he feels about the Red Scare by the symbolic story of The Crucible.

Managing cultural diversity and perceived organizational support Essay

Managing cultural diversity and perceived organizational support - Essay Example The findings did not support this association. However the regression analysis indicated that there is an indirect association between cultural diversity management and affective commitment via perceived organizational support. A real-world example of cultural diversity management can be found in Wal-Mart (Wal-Mart 2009 Sustainability Report). It is a large international discount retail chain which implements a variety of diversity programs in order to create an internationally diverse workforce. Programs such as diversity training and supplier diversity have enabled the multinational company to provide organizational support to minority-owned businesses. This has been a source of competitive advantage globally. The diversity management programs have enabled the company to build an organizational culture that supports employment resourcing effectively internationally.

Theme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theme - Essay Example The theme applicable to her story is the importance of developing a strong sense of one's own identity and personal strength, despite challenges and difficulties in life. The essay aims to proffer justifications for the theme of developing a strong sense of identity to enable Ying-ying to regain the life she had, not only for her personal benefit, but more so for her daughter, Lena. Ying-ying’s story through the Moon Lady presented her vivid remembrance of the particularly special day when she was merely four years old and her nursemaid prepared her for the Moon Festival. The depiction of her character was so accurate in portraying a strong sense of fiery identity, always curious, on top of things and wanting to get her way. Despite being told to stay put or to observe traditional norms, Ying-ying defied everything as she narrated running after dragonflies, climbing to the rickshaw with her mother (instead of her amah), running through the length of their boat, watching a bird catch fishes, and falling into the water to be lost during the height of the Moon Festival. With all the commotions, the experience of being lost coincided with the metamorphic loss of her personal identity and strength as the fear that enveloped her during the experience transformed her life to silence and as she failed to relay her wish to the Moon Lady: to be found.

Political Machines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Political Machines - Essay Example Therefore, the basis of political machines is on people who have dissimilar and varying interests. Theodore observes that the different people share a common link despite their fear and ignorance. Theodore perceives that the sole purpose of political machines were to develop American cities equally. This move aimed at promoting urban democracy (Lowi 84-85). Theodore allude that new machines replaced old ones. This essay rejects the arguments of Theodore Lowi. The new and old political machines display similarities signifying that nothing has changed in the governance of American cities. To start with, although some cities such as New York have experienced some reforms in their mode of governance, there are no considerable changes in others cities such as Chicago. For instance, Theodore asserts that Chicago maintained a strong hold of old political machines in the year 1967. This is opposite to the case of New York, which embraced new wave of political reforms. In the year 1967, Chicago reaffirmed and consolidated its old ways of doing political unlike New York, which ushered in political transformation (Lowi 85). This depicts that old machines is still in existence and did not disappear as Theodore claimed. The power of political machine still prevails in Chicago and there is no prediction of its disappearance. Second, new political machines depict many commonalities with the old ones. Methods of employment to senior positions resemble the old way of recruitment. This new method picks those candidates who have experience in their careers. This succeeds the dubious way of selecting candidates to the political seats. According to Theodore’s essay, the so-called reforms have painted politics as a dirt game. This is a perpetuation of the old political machines, which embraced such mode of electing people to occupy top ranks. Big cities such as New York have poor governance despite the fact that there is competent management team (Lowi 85-86).

Media Consumption in the Home Environment and Media Consumption in Essay

Media Consumption in the Home Environment and Media Consumption in other Contexts - Essay Example This is because home is seen as a place where individuals, more or less, strip off their social niceties and take up the appearance of what they really are and want to be. Home is seen as a relaxing environment as compared to the office or school. This â€Å"relaxing† environment in itself comes with certain advantages and disadvantages when it comes to media consumption. Home is the primary location for most of the media consumption in today’s technologically advanced world. As mentioned earlier, the two forms of media that have the most use are television and the internet. Out of these, according to a recent study, television is still the dominant media of consumption. (Crum, 2009) However, there has been a marked increase in the use of internet over the past few years. Media plays an extremely important role in our day-to-day life. It becomes a part of our routine without us even realizing it. It would not be wrong to say that we are tangled in a web of mass media, with no return. From television to internet to cell phones and radio, our life cannot seem to function without the use of media. The patterns of media consumption illustrate certain interesting aspects. Media viewing is seen as being determined by factors such as gender, leisure time and family orientation among others. Morley has talked about the ‘overall context of family leisure activity’ and how it affects media consumption. With regard to gender and patterns of media consumption, the most interesting case study was put forward by Bausinger. Whatever work that has been carried out in the field of gender politics with relation to media consumption is evidence of the societal norms and conditioning that human beings go through. The expectations of the society with a gender are taken at face value and followed for the rest of our lives, mostly. This is why even with regard to media consumption there is a distinct difference between gender attitudes towards media in a home environment.

Describe how lesson pacing may vary based on specific student Essay

Describe how lesson pacing may vary based on specific student characteristics and complexity of the content - Essay Example There has to be a change in the pace of delivering lectures from the teachers. Otherwise, the lesson will become monotonous. The students will be uninterested in learning the lesson. The teacher may change the pace and impart various activities to rouse interest in the minds of the students. The teacher may induct certain activities or take small tests. This breaks the monotonous cycle of the lesson and imparts something new. A teacher may use interesting references from other books to make the lessons more interesting. Pacing of the lessons is an important criterion for the students to learn. It has been observed that the students learn more if the pace of the delivery of lessons is fast. This means that the students are supplied with more materials to learn. The â€Å"Academic learning time† for students is a small percentage of the total available time. The learning time for the students is only about 17% of the total available time. Therefore, to impart maximum amount of knowledge it is essential for the teachers to follow a brisk pace in teaching the students. It has been observed that the students learn more with brisk pace. However, the efficiency of pacing depends upon the teachers imparting knowledge to the students. The effective teachers tend to cover more in a short period. The less effective teachers are left to cover most of the curriculum in the later part of the course and cannot provide the students with enough time to practice. This makes the students less efficient in the lessons, which makes an important effect on their progress. (Time management, n.d. pp. 4-7; Teaching tip 18, n.d.: Pacing, n.d.) Again, it has to be kept in mind that students may not be open to take the knowledge imparted to them in the short time frame. Therefore, though the teachers may look to finish the lesson in a short period but it may not be useful for the students at all. Therefore, pacing has to develop by

Political Machines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Political Machines - Essay Example Therefore, the basis of political machines is on people who have dissimilar and varying interests. Theodore observes that the different people share a common link despite their fear and ignorance. Theodore perceives that the sole purpose of political machines were to develop American cities equally. This move aimed at promoting urban democracy (Lowi 84-85). Theodore allude that new machines replaced old ones. This essay rejects the arguments of Theodore Lowi. The new and old political machines display similarities signifying that nothing has changed in the governance of American cities. To start with, although some cities such as New York have experienced some reforms in their mode of governance, there are no considerable changes in others cities such as Chicago. For instance, Theodore asserts that Chicago maintained a strong hold of old political machines in the year 1967. This is opposite to the case of New York, which embraced new wave of political reforms. In the year 1967, Chicago reaffirmed and consolidated its old ways of doing political unlike New York, which ushered in political transformation (Lowi 85). This depicts that old machines is still in existence and did not disappear as Theodore claimed. The power of political machine still prevails in Chicago and there is no prediction of its disappearance. Second, new political machines depict many commonalities with the old ones. Methods of employment to senior positions resemble the old way of recruitment. This new method picks those candidates who have experience in their careers. This succeeds the dubious way of selecting candidates to the political seats. According to Theodore’s essay, the so-called reforms have painted politics as a dirt game. This is a perpetuation of the old political machines, which embraced such mode of electing people to occupy top ranks. Big cities such as New York have poor governance despite the fact that there is competent management team (Lowi 85-86).

Describe how lesson pacing may vary based on specific student Essay

Describe how lesson pacing may vary based on specific student characteristics and complexity of the content - Essay Example There has to be a change in the pace of delivering lectures from the teachers. Otherwise, the lesson will become monotonous. The students will be uninterested in learning the lesson. The teacher may change the pace and impart various activities to rouse interest in the minds of the students. The teacher may induct certain activities or take small tests. This breaks the monotonous cycle of the lesson and imparts something new. A teacher may use interesting references from other books to make the lessons more interesting. Pacing of the lessons is an important criterion for the students to learn. It has been observed that the students learn more if the pace of the delivery of lessons is fast. This means that the students are supplied with more materials to learn. The â€Å"Academic learning time† for students is a small percentage of the total available time. The learning time for the students is only about 17% of the total available time. Therefore, to impart maximum amount of knowledge it is essential for the teachers to follow a brisk pace in teaching the students. It has been observed that the students learn more with brisk pace. However, the efficiency of pacing depends upon the teachers imparting knowledge to the students. The effective teachers tend to cover more in a short period. The less effective teachers are left to cover most of the curriculum in the later part of the course and cannot provide the students with enough time to practice. This makes the students less efficient in the lessons, which makes an important effect on their progress. (Time management, n.d. pp. 4-7; Teaching tip 18, n.d.: Pacing, n.d.) Again, it has to be kept in mind that students may not be open to take the knowledge imparted to them in the short time frame. Therefore, though the teachers may look to finish the lesson in a short period but it may not be useful for the students at all. Therefore, pacing has to develop by

The Meaning of Life (Full Essay) Essay Example for Free

The Meaning of Life (Full Essay) Essay Somebody knocks on door: Who is there? Police? What do you want? We want to talk. How many of you are there? Two. So talk with each other. There are two types of guests: the ones, who want to stay longer, and the ones, who want to go home asap. Strangely enough, these two types are normally found in married couples. Whats worse than eating an apple and finding a worm? Eating an apple and finding half a worm. Plants discuss: Broccoli: It seems to me that I am like a tree. Walnut: And Im like little brains. Mushroom: Ha, but I look like an umbrella. Banana: I do not like this conversation Men are having a good time in bar, just one sits sad. Peter, why are you so sad? My wife was diagnosed with AIDS Men, just kidding. Why all of you get so scared? A singer during his tour arrives to a small province town and asks for a pretty high fee: Everybody knows me – says he to the chairman of local culture office, trying to persuade him. Finally the concert takes place, but only three people came to it. You are a liar, you told me that everyone knows you, but only three man came to your concert, rebels the chairman. Of course, says the singer – only those three came, who didn’t know me. In a restaurant: What would you like to eat? I would prefer to read the menu first. If you want to read, go to the library. A guy comes into a bar and asks the barman to place 10 mugs and fill in with the beer. The bartender places mugs and starts filling them. The guy follows him and drink beer immediately. The bartender asks: -Why are you so in a hurry? -If you would have, what I have, you would be also in a hurry. The bartender steps back a little bit and asks: -And what do you have? -Somewhere around 70 cents. Funny jokes from daily life Imprisonment A mother writes a letter to her sun, who is in a prison. Dear sun, lifes so hard for me since they took you to a prison: nobody digs a vegetable garden, nobody plants potatos The sun writes back to her mother: Mom, please stay away from the garden. If you start digging it, the police may come and both take you to a prison and prolong mine imprisonment.. Mother writes back to her sun: Darling, together with your last letter police came. They digged all over the garden, but havent found anything. The left being extremely frustrated. Sun writes his mom: I helped as much, as I could with this. Please plant the potatos by yourself. Funny jokes from daily life A shot Doc, isnt it harmful to drink a shot before eating? No its not, if you dont eat too often Funny jokes from daily life Glasses Doc, I think I need to wear glasses Indeed you have to, you are in a bank. Funny jokes from daily life Concert The organizers of the concert complain to the conductor of a choir: You were supposed to bring a mixed choir, but I can see only men here. But it is a mixed choir – half of them know how to sing, and the other half- do not. Funny jokes from daily life Stupid Im sorry I hurt your feelings when I called you stupid. I really thought you already knew it. Funny jokes from daily life- Teeth VS Tongue Teeth says to tongue: if I just press a little, youll get cut. Tongue replies: if i misuse a single word, all 32 of you will come out. Funny jokes from daily life the Boss A boss took one of his employees to show his new sports car. That is amazing the employee was fascinated. That is true replied boss and if you set your new goals higher and work even harder I can get an even better car next year. Funny jokes from daily life Compliment I hate it when you offer someone a sincere compliment about their mustache, and suddenly she is not your friend anymore Funny jokes from daily life Driving Man returning with his wife from guests. Drunk man drives car better than his sober wife. But there is only one problem, how to explain that to the policeman? Funny jokes from daily life Vacation Where are you going for vacation this year? I checked my budget and decided that I didnt get tired. Funny jokes from daily life fat Its not the dress that makes you look fat. Its the fat. Funny jokes from daily life: Does laugh prolong life? Is it true that 5 minutes of laugh prolongs your life by 5 minutes? It depends who you are laughing at – it may as well shorten it Funny jokes from daily life Device At the Court discussion between judge and villager: So you was propeling surrogate alcohol? Me? No! What do you mean no? You have a device for that means propeled. Then please judge me also for rape So you have raped someone also? Well no but I have a device Funny jokes from daily life Old woman The old woman comes to a gynecologist. He inspects her and says with the surprice: An old woman, youre pregnant! How did you managed at your age? Oh, those teens. They always asks to tell them everything, then show and give to try Funny jokes from daily life A fool On a beach a man shouts at another man: Tell your son not to imitate me. A man to his son: Son, stop playing the fool. Funny jokes from daily life A high fives You know what I was thinking about right now? What it would be like to have six fingers. high fives would be different. Funny jokes from daily life Debtor The best way to make somebody remember you is to borrow money from them. Funny jokes from daily life Folk Our folk not only knows how to read between the lines but also how to leave a record between the eyes. Funny jokes from daily life At the shop Can I help you? No. I just waited in the line for 30 minutes to say Hi. Funny jokes from daily life A false image I may look calm, but in my mind I have killed you three times already. Funny jokes from daily life Riches Yes, money cannot buy happiness, but it is much more comfortable to cry in a new BMW than on a bike. Funny jokes from daily life Assurance I never make the same mistake twice. I make it 5-6 times, just to be sure. Funny jokes from daily life A fence Why is there a fence around the cemetery? Because people are dying to get in. Funny jokes from daily life 100 dollar bill A: Why are you late? B: There was a man who lost a hundred dollar bill. A: Thats nice. Were you helping him look for it? B: No, I was standing on it. Funny jokes from daily life Rolls A family bought an apartment and started interior decorations. Wife tells her husband: Honey, go to the neighbors and ask how many rolls of wallpapers they have bought when they were decorating their walls. The husband went to the neighbors and he was told: Twelve rolls. The family bought twelve rolls, started decorating but at the end six rolls were left unused. Angry husband goes to the neighbors: Hey you, shitty pigs, couldn’t you have told me the truth? We have six rolls left now. We have six rolls left as well, answered the neighbor. Funny jokes from daily life Claustrofobia What is Claustrophobia? This is a fear of closed space. For example, you go to a store for a beer and are afraid that it will be closed. Funny jokes from daily life Yard How many feet are in the yard? That depends on how many people are standing in it. Funny jokes from daily life Stupid passengers The policeman stops the driver and says: You won 500 dollars for wearing a safety belt. What will you do with the winning? I do not know, probably will pass the exam for a driving license Then his wife says: Do not listen! He always talk like that when he is drunk. Passenger from rear wakes up: I told you that we wont go far away with the stolen car! At the same time voice from the trunk: Have we already crossed the border? Funny jokes from daily life Smoking.