Aci Financial Statement Essay Example for Free

Aci Financial dictation EssayThe companies be now preparing this tale as an inviolate part of their fiscal controls. This paper examines empirically the stream practices followed by example companies in preparation of n stars go down account and concludes that the sample companies atomic number 18 in line (with few exceptions) with the consumements of international explanation example (IAS)-7 or Bangladesh write up Standard (BAS)-7. It also proposes more or less suggestions for improving the presentation of the positment Key nomenclature dislodge rise contention, IAS/BAS, Listed Comp any(prenominal), Disclosure. Introduction The purpose of a hood fuse fiscal argument is to provide schooling on the currency conflate from a familys in operation(p), expend and funding activities to enable the users of its pecuniary contestations to evaluate the expertness of the partnership to generate light upon and to use the historic exchange flows to predict in store(predicate) bullion flows. The immediate payment flow culture enhances the comparability of the operating performance by discordant companies, because it eliminates the effect that arise from the use of various invoice treatments for the same transactions and events.The use of specie flow info is gaining importance in the analysis of pecuniary statements (Epstein 1991 Yap 1997 Jones and Widjaja 1998 Previts and Bricker 1994). notesflow learning is considered less open to usage than data on earnings, because it is based on the actual receipt and payment of funds only and not on the accrual and another(prenominal) accounting system principles. Rees (199575) adds that the money flow statement can be more illuminating than the other statements. up to now, he literature on the notes flow statement indicates that there ar grey-haired atomic number 18as in coin flow reportage that be open to various interpretations (Everingham and Watson 2002). The perceived simplicity of the capital in flow statement whitethorn therefore create synthetic confidence in the reliability of companies change flow reporting and the comparability of various companies coin flow info. The acceptance of IAS-7 The Cash unravel affirmation has added a new dimension to the preparation and presentation of pecuniary statements in Bangladesh.This paper is an attempt to go over into the state of funds flow reporting by the listed Bangladeshi * Lecturers, Department of vocation Administration, ASA University Bangladesh 210 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 no. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 Textiles and Clothing companies in general. The focus is not on the quality of the reporting of the companies scarcely rather on what the reporting levels are in general. Objectives of the get a line The major objectives of the study are as follows 1. to identify the trustworthy practice of specie flow statement of pharmaceutic companies in Bangladesh. 2. o provide present exchange flow statement format, grammatical construction and reporting on the rear of information provided in the annual reports of the selected listed pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. Methodology of the study The study was conducted in accordance with secondary information obtained from various sources. The overview of normalisation of mo networkary reporting and the regulatory framework has been based on laws, regulation, and guideline and also on various published sources of information interpreted from International news report Standard Board (IASB) and Bangladesh accounting Standard 7 (BAS 7).A limited look has also been made lotion a total of 12 pharmaceutic companies annual reports (2009) enlisted in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). These are selected on the basis of convenience sampling procedure. In beau monde to make the study more revealing it also covers some research articles, textbooks, publications and web si tuations of various accounting bodies. Limitations of the study 1. Applied non net incomeability techniques have been used. 2. Due to terminus ad quem of the extensive materials, books and previous studies in Bangladesh literature review could not be extensive. 3.This study consists of only 12 listed Pharmaceutical companies due to time and resources constraints. Literature review Cash flow statement A historic surroundings/background Cash flow Accounting (CFA) was the main system of accounting up to first of the 18th century (Watanabe, Izumi The evolution of Income Accounting in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Britain, Osaka University of Economics, Vol. 57, no. 5, January 2007, p. 27-30). coin till then, accounting allocation and profit measurement were relatively unimportant the profit and loss account macrocosm used to close off ledger accounts at each period end.However, with the advent of concept and practices of job continuity, periodic measure and statement of fina ncial position began to grow. Thus the basis of cash transaction becomes posterior for the allocation based systems of accounting today. Although there has been a reasonably sustained worry in depot flow statements (based on allocated accounting data) since the beginning of the twenty century, CFA appears to have reliable little or no support from accountants until the early 1960s.At that time there was little concern over the use of cash flow data in the financial analysis- cash flow being interpreted as profit plus depreciation (. Winjum, J. o, 1972). In 1961 AICPA recognized the importance of fund statement by publishing Accounting Research Study (ARS) Cash Flow argumentation Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 211 NO 2Cash flow analysis and fund statements. Before that, accountants had prepared funds statements primarily as management report. The Accounting Principles Board (APB) responded in October 1963 by issuing APB Opinion NO. the statements of and application of funds, which recommended that a statement of sources and application of funds be presented on a supplementary basis. Because of the favorable response of the business union to this pronouncement, the APB issued Opinion nary(prenominal) 198 Reporting changing in Financial Position in March 1971. This evaluatement indispensable that a statement of changing financial position be presented as a staple fiber financial statement and be covered by the auditors reports. In 1981 the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) reconsidered fund flow issues as part of the conceptual framework project taken in 1976.At this time the FASB decided that the cash flow reporting issues should be considered at the sample level. Subsequent deliberation settlemented in Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 95 Statement of cash flows in Nobember1987 (Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel 1998 1936). Fund flow statement Vs Cash flow statement Both fund flow statement and cash flow statement serve as a fundamental part of the financial statements. In 1961, the AICPA issued ARS No. 2, Cash Flow Analysis and the Fund Statements which recommended that a fund statement covered by auditors opinion be entangled in companies financial reports. tally to paragraph 5 of Preface to Statement of International Accounting Standard approved by the IASC Board in November1982 for publication in January 1983 and supersedes the preface published in January 1975 (amended March 1978), the term financial statements covers proportionality sheets, income statement or profit and loss accounts, statements of change in financial position, notes and other statements and explanatory materials which are identify as being part of financial statements (IASC, 200032).As per paragraph 7 of framework for the Preparation and first appearance of Financial Statements (approved by IASC Board in April 1989 for publication in July 1989) A complete set of financial statement normally includes a remainder sheet, an income statements, a statements of change in financial position (which may be presented in a variety of ways, for example as a statement of cash flow or a statement of fund flows) and those notes and other statements and explanatory materials that are an entire part of the financial statements (IASC p. 3-44). As per paragraph 4 of the previous IAS 7 (October 1977), statements of change in financial position, the term funds referred to cash, cash and cash equivalents or working capital (IFAC, 1992 p. 813). Funds provided or used in subprogram of an try should be presented in the statements of changes in financial statement separately from other sources and uses of fund.Unusual items, which are not part of ordinary activities of the first step, should be separately disclosed (IASC Para 21). But some users of financial statements consider current practices of reporting fund flows as confusing because too much information is matt in the statements of change in financial posi tion, and because no adept definition has been established (Mosich and Larsen, 1982 p. 935).In effect to develop a conceptual framework for financial accounting and reporting, the FASB issued in December 1980 a password memorandum reporting Fund flow, liquid and Financial Flexibility which was issued for the future(a) reasons (1) for assessing future cash flow, and (2) current practices regarding the reporting of funds flow information are not entirely satisfactory. As a result of deliberation, FASB issued SFAS NO. 95 Statements of Cash Flow in 1987.The statements require the inclusion of statements of Cash Flows rather than a statement of Change in Financial position when issuing a complete set of financial statements 212 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 which was made effective for annual periods ending after July 15, 1988. The major requirements of the statements are of the following two areas Basis of Presentation The statement must(prenominal) focus on cash receipts and payments and must explain the change in cash plus cash equivalents.Classification of cash flows Cash flows are to be categorize accord to operating, investment funds and financing activities. The basis of such mixed bag is derived from the financial theory, which state that the green light derives the cash used for investing activities and settlement of step to the forestanding financial contract in an accounting period from internal and out-of-door sources. Internal cash sources emanate from the net cash generated from current subprogram and perhaps disinvesting and depletion of cash resources at the start of the period.External cash sources come from financing activities such as borrowing and receiving cash from the sale of impartiality shares to existing and new shareholders (Wallace et,al). Benefits of Cash Flow Information The information in a cash flow statement helps investors, creditors, and others to assess the following aspects of the firms financial position. such statements serve as a mechanism for predicting the ability to generate future cash flows for the investors, creditors and others. This enables managers or management to plan coordinate and control financial operation in an effective manner. It gives an indication of the race between profitability and cash generating ability thus of the quality of the profit earned. It furnishes information to the management regarding the entities ability to pay dividend and meet obligations. Analyst and other users of financial information often, formally or informally, develop models to assess and compare the present value of the future cash flow of entities. Historical cash flow statements could be useful to check the accuracy of ult assessment (ACCA Text book part 2. P. 324). It is free from manipulation and is not affected by subjective judgments or by accounting policies. Such a statement dictates situations when a business has made huge profit but has run out money or it has sustained loss but has enough cash availability. The extent of cash generated from operational activity and external finance in order to meet capital, task, and dividend requirements can be obtained from such statements (Lee, T. A 197227-36). It aids in the paygrade of risk, which includes both the expected variability of future return and probability of insolvency or bankruptcy ( Hendrickson, Eldom.S, 1982 237). Such statements reveal the capability of an first step to pay its short obligation as and when due to the lenders. A cash flow statement in conjunction with a relief sheet provides information on liquidity, viability, and adaptability. The vestibular sense sheet is often used to obtain information on liquidity, but the information is rather sketchy for this purpose as the balance sheet is prepared at a particular point of time. Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 213 It may assists users of financial statements in making ju dgments on the amounts, measure and degree of certainty of future cash flows. This statement provides information that is useful in checking the accuracy of past assessment of future cash flows and in examining the relationship between profitability and net cash flow and the impact of changing price (IAS 7 Para 3 4). Information on cash flows classify advertisement by three groups of activities (Operating, investing and financing) that allow users to assess the impact of those activities on the financial position of the enterprise and the amount of its cash and cash equivalents.This information may also be to evaluate the relationship among those activities (IAS 7 Para 11). This statement is of special importance in assessing future cash flows, quality of income operating capability, financial flexibly and liquidity, and information on financing and investing activities. Using cash flows from operating activities from the cash flow statements, different ratios such as liquidi ty, ratio, solvency ratio, and profitability ratios can also be calculated to evaluate an enterprises liquidity, solvency, and profitability. Aziz uddin and Bala, 2001 p. 14) Overview of Cash flow statement The cash flow statement explains the changes that have occurred in the social clubs cash and cash equivalents during the year by classifying the cash flows in its operating, investing and financing activities. The statement must focus on cash receipts and payments and must explain the change in cash plus cash equivalents. The classification is done in a way that is most appropriate to the companys business.The following are the definitions of the components of the cash flow statement Cash cash on slew and pick up deposits Cash equivalents short term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Operating activities the principal revenue-producing activities of the enterprise and ot her activities that are not investing or financing activities Investing activities the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not include in cash equivalents. finance activities activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the equity capital and borrowings of the enterprise (Epstein, p. 93). Objective and Scope of IAS 7 Information about the cash flow of an enterprise is useful in providing users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the enterprise to utilize those cash flows. The economic decision taken by users requires an evaluation of the ability of an enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and timing and certainty of their generation.The objective of IAS 7 is to require the provision of information about the historical change in cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise by means of a cash flow statement that classifies cash flo ws during the period from operating, investing and financing activities. An enterprise should prepare a cash flow statement in accordance with the requirements of IAS 7 and should present it as an integral part of its financial statements for each period for which financial statements are prepared.Users of an enterprises financial statements are interested in how the enterprise generates and uses cash and cash equivalents. This is the case regardless of the nature of the enterprise activities and irrespective of whether cash can be viewed 214 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 as the product of the enterprise, as may be the case with a financial institution. Enterprises need cash for the same reason however different their principal revenue- producing activities might be.They need cash to conduct their operations, to pay their obligations and to provide return to the investors. Accordingly this criterion requires all enterprises to present a cash flow (Para 1 3). Presentation of Cash flow statement to a lower place IAS 7 Cash and cash equivalent The definition of cash and cash equivalent are central to the preparation and interpretation of cash flow statements. Cash consists of cash in hand and demand deposits, coins and notes of an organization, etc. In our country deposits in postal accounts may be termed as cash (Cooper and Ijiri, 1984 88 Ghosh, 2001).Cash equivalents are short-run, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amount of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. According to the definitions of paragraph 6 of IAS 7 cash comprises cash in hand and demand deposits usually cash on hand includes currency, notes, and coin in the cash box of the enterprise. It also includes prize bond, negotiable money orders, postal orders, and under posited checks, bank drafts or pay- order.Demand deposits refer to deposits in checking accounts in banks and other financial institutions th at may be reclusive without notice usually subject to deduction of outstanding check. Thus cash equivalents 1. are short-term investments but the term short not clearly specified, although a period of three months and less is suggested to be taken as short term period. 2. are highly liquid investments. Here liquid means having in a situation where cash equivalents are available in sufficient amount to meet obligation of payments. . are investments that are both (a) readily convertible, to known amounts of cash and (b) subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. According to SFAC No. 95, the risk categorically refers to risk of change in interest rate. The short-term investments are so near their maturity that they represent insignificant risk of changes in interest rate. Examples include treasury bills, commercial papers, and money market funds purchased with cash that is in excess of immediate needs.However, although by definition, cash equivalents refer to short term hi ghly liquid investments, they are usually held for the purpose of skirmish short term cash commitments rather than for other purpose. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to insignificant risk of change in value. Therefore an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months and less from the date of acquisition. integrity nvestments are excluded from the cash equivalents unless they are, in substance, cash equivalents, for example in the case of preferred share acquired deep down a short period of their maturity and with a specified redemption date (Para 7). Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 215 Preparation of Cash flow statements IAS 7 requires cash flows to be sort into operating, investing, and financing activities. Example of cash flows by category Operating workivities Inflows Receipts from customers Outflo ws Payments to suppliersAdvance deposits from customers Wages and salaries to employees Income tax revenue refunds Income tax payments chase received on customers notes or Other tax payments accounts Dividends and interest received from Interest compensable on bank debt or bonds outstanding and investments and included in determining net included in determining net income income Investing Activities Cash received from sale of capital assets Payments for purchase of capital assets Cash from sale of debt or equity investments Cash flows capitalized as intangible assets, such as suppuration costs start-up costs capitalized interest exploration Costs Collection of principal on loans to others Purchase of debt or equity securities of others Interest and dividends received on investments Loans extended to others and not included in determining net income financial support Activities Net proceed of issuing debt or equity securities Payment of principal on bonds or bank loans Cash proceeds received from bank loans Purchase of the entitys own shares Interest salaried on bank debt or bonds outstanding and not included in determining net income Dividends remunerative to shareholders Variations in Reporting activities for Cash flows A. Operating or Financing activities Transactions with different categories included in cash flows are classified in a different manner. According to IAS 7, Para 12, A single transaction may include cash flows that are classified differently.For example, when the cash repayment of a loan includes both interest and capital the interest element may be classified as operating activities and the capital amount is classified as financing activities. B. Operating or investing and financing activities both(prenominal) cash flows may be classified as arising from any activities such as interest, dividend income tax. The detailed provisions of these types are as follows. 216 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 Interest a. For a financial institution, interest remunerative and interest received are usually classified as operating cash flows (para 33). b. For other enterprise, interest paid and interest received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the decisiveness of net profit or loss. or else, interest paid may be classified as financing cash flows, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources. Interest received may be classified as investing cash flows, because they are returns on investments (para 33). Dividend a. For a financial institution, dividends received are usually classified as operating cash flow (Para 33). b. For other enterprise, dividends received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the determination of net profit or loss. or else dividend received may be classified as investing cash flows, because they are returns on investments (para 33). c. Dividend paid may be classified as financing cash flows, because th ey are costs of obtaining financial resources.Alternatively dividend paid may be classified as component of cash flows from operating activities in order to assist users to determine the ability of an enterprise to pay dividend out of operating cash flows (para 34). Income tax a. Taxes on income arise on a transaction that gives to the cash flows that are classified as operating, investing, and financing activities in cash flow statement. While tax expense may be readily identifiable with investing or financing activities, the related tax cash flows are often impracticable to identify and may arise in a different period from the cash flows of the underlying transactions. Therefore taxes paid are usually classified as cash flows from operating activities.However, often it is practicable to identify the tax cash flow within individual transaction that gives rise to cash flows that are classified as investing or financing activity as appropriate. When tax cash flows are allocated over more than one class of activity, the total amount of taxes paid is disclosed (Para 36). In the light of SFAS 95, Transaction that enter into the determination of net income are defined as operating activities and hence, interest received or paid, dividend received and taxes on income are rigidly treated to arise from operating activities. Dividend to stakeholders are treated as cash outflows classified as financing activities (Keiso and Weygandt, 1998 1275-76) Cash flow statement Practices in BangladeshRegulatory Framework, in the eyes of the Companies Act 1994 (Act no. 18 of 1994) According to Section 183 of the Companies Act 1994 (which came into effect from 1 January 1995), a company is required to present balance sheet, profit and loss account (income and expenditure account, in case of non profit companies). to a lower place section 185, the balance sheet and the income statement have to be prepared according to the forms set out in Part 1 and Part 2 of Schedule XI respectivel y under which information on consecutive two years (concerned year and Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 217 preceding year) are to be provided.However according to note (g) of the general instruction for preparation of balance sheet (given in part 1 of schedule XI after the horizontal format of the balance sheet), a statement of change in financial position shall be included as an integral part of the financial statements, and shall be presented for each period for which the profit and loss account is prepared. However no specific format of cash flow statement has been prescribed in Companies Act 1994. In the light of the Security and Exchange swayer 1987 (S. R. O No. 237-l/87 dated on 28 September 1987) Under the provision of rule 12 (1) of the Securities and Exchanges Rules (SER) 1987(amended by the section notification No. minute/ Section 7/SER/03/132 dated 22 october1997 published in the official gazette on 29 December 1997), the annual report to be f urnished by an issuer of listed security shall include a balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow statement and notes to the accounts collectively hereinafter referred to as the financial statement. In the part III of the Schedule of the SER 1987, issues relating to interest paid on short-term borrowing, interest and dividend received income taxes are clearly guidelined. For example, interest paid on short-term borrowing shall be a cash outflow under operating activities interest and dividend received shall be a cash inflow under investing activities. And interest paid on long term borrowing and dividend paid shall be a cash outflow under financing activities.Under paragraph 35-36, taxes on income should be treated as operating cash outflow unless they can be identified in financing and investing activities. Findings of the study To know the extent of cash flows statement reporting practices by Pharmaceutical companies, a survey has been conducted covering twelve annual rep orts (2009) (For detailed the name of the companies see Appendix-1). The major findings of the study are given down the stairs in terms of general variations in reporting and voluntary manifestation. General findings It includes the current format and structure of cash flow statement and the extent of compliance of IAS-7, followed by sample Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh. wholly the sample companies prepare cash flow statement as required by IAS-7/BAS 7 take by the Institute of Chartered Accountant of Bangladesh and present it as an integral part of the financial statements. Notes to cash flow statement have been presented as part of the financial statements in case of all the sample companies. The sample companies prepare cash flow statement in vertical form and shows figure of cash flows of the current year and the previous year. All the sample companies cash flow statement contains a classification of operational, investing, and financing activities. The sample com panies did not illustrate the indemnity dopted in determining the formulation of cash and cash equivalents although this is required by paragraph 36 of IAS 7. 218 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 Variation in Reporting another(prenominal) objective of the survey was to determine which alternatives, permitted by IAS-7, are used most in practice by Bangladeshi pharmaceutical companies. It is found that there are not many differences between companies in their reporting of cash flow information. This is expected because the preparation of cash flow statement does not allow for many choices, differences of interpretation or different accounting treatments. The results are set out in table 1. carry over-1 Variations in reporting Cash flow statement (CFS) Factors 1 Notes to CFS Options Separately, following the CFS Part of the notes to the financial statements Incorporated in the CFS summate Direct method Indirect method Total Operating activities or no interest F inancing Investing activities Total Financing activities or no dividends Operating activities Investing activities Total Part of accounting policy note Nothing disclosed Total Operating activities or no tax Financing activities Investing activities Total Number of companies 0 12 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 12 2 Operating activities 3 Interest received and Interest paid 4 Dividend received and Dividend paid 5 Definition of cash and cash equivalents 6 Income tax Notes to table 1 Refer to point 2 of Table 1.According to IAS-7 and SEC Rule 1987, the enterprises are encouraged to report cash flows from operating activities using the direct method. The direct method provides information which may be useful in estimating future cash flows which is not available under the corroborative method. All the sample companies followed the direct method in reporting operating cash flows. One company (Pharmaceutical Mithun Knitting Dyeing Ltd. ) discloses cash flows from operat ing activities under indirect method in notes of financial statements as additional information. Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 219 Refer to points 3 4 of Table 1.All the companies studied have shown interest received and paid under operating activities and interest paid on long term borrowing and dividend paid under financing activities. Refer to points 5 6 of Table 1. All the companies studied have shown definition of cash and cash equivalents in the notes of accounting policy and income tax under operating activities. Voluntary disclosure The survey also included an examination of any additional information that is disclosed regarding the companys cash flow which is not required by IAS-7, but which may be helpful to the user. For example, separate disclosure of cash flows increases operating capacity and cash flows that maintain operating capacity, disclosure of segmental cash flows, cash flow per share etc.The survey found no company to disclose such additional voluntary information in its cash flow statement. Conclusion and Recommendation A materially misstated cash flow statement, whether it is in terms of ridiculous classification in the categories or numerical accuracy, can be mis touching to the user and can lead to wrong decisions taken by the users of the statement. The survey has revealed that although sample companies prepare cash flow statement according to International Accounting Standard-7 (BAS-7), there is also a degree of non-compliance. It is, however, found that there are not many differences between companies in their reporting of cash flow information.This is expected because the preparation of cash flow statement does not allow for many choices, differences of interpretation or different accounting treatments. To make cash flow statement more informative and useful for users, the companies should disclose additional voluntary information such as cash flow per share in their cash flow statements. Items c onsisting of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities should also be clarified in the notes of the financial statements. Due to the limited scope of the present study, a large number of research issues have not been attempted but are identified in the course of the study.Disclosure practices of additional items other than operating, investing and financing activities, disclosure practices differences between listed and unlisted companies, disclosure practices differences between financial and other institutions are some such potential issues for future research. 220 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, JulyDecember, 2012 References Annual Reports of Sample Pharmaceutical Companies Listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange 2009. Aziz Uddin, A. B. M and Bala. , S. K. ( 2001), Cash Flow Reporting in Bangladesh, The Cost Management, Nov- Dec. ICMAB, p. 13. FASB Discussion Memorandum (1980), Reporting Funds Flow, Liquidity and Financial Flexibilit y, FASB, Stanford. Thomas H. Beechy. Joan E. D. Conrod, Intermediate Accounting, second Edition, Chpter 5, Exhibit 5-1 pp. 91 Ghosh, Santi N. (2001),Workshop Material on IAS 7 Cash Flow Statements compiled under the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB)Project, Development of Accounting and Auditing Standards in Bangladesh, The World Bank. organisation of Bangladesh (GOB) (1994), The Companies Act 1994 (Act No. 18 of 1994). Gup, B. E. Samson, W. D. 1993. An analysis of patterns from the statement of cash flows. Financial Practice Education, 3(2)73-79. Hendrickson, Eldom. S(1982), Accounting Theory, Richard D. Irwin, Inc. , Illinois, p. 236. Hertenstein, J. McKinnon, S. 1997. figure out the puzzle of the cash flow statement. Business Horizons, 40(1)69-76.International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) (2000), International Accounting Standards 2000 International Accounting Standards Committee, London, International Accounting Standard IAS 7 (revised 1992) Cash Flow Statements in pp. 139165. International conspiracy of Accounting (IFAC) (1992), IFAC Handbook 1992 Technical Pronouncements (New York IFAC). IAS 7 (October 1977) Statement of Changes in Financial Position in pp. 812- 816. Khan, M. H. Akter, M. S. Ghosh, S. K (2005), Cash Flow Statement Disclosures A Study of Banking Companies in Bangladesh. Available at www. pcte. edu. in/site/OJMR/Finance/cashflow. pdf Keiso, Donald, E. and Jerry. J.Weygandt (1998), Intermediate Accounting, John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York, 9th Edition, pp. 1275-76. Lee, T. A. 1982. Cash flow accounting and the allocation problem. Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 9(3)341-352. Lee, T. A (1972), A Case for Cash Flow Reporting, Journal of Business Finance, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 27-36 as quoted in Studies of Accounting Theory, Steyn, B. W. Hamman, W. D. 2003. Cash flow reporting are listed companies complying with AC 118? Meditari, 11167-180. Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Accounting Principles, 9th editio n, John, Wilely and Sons, Inc, pp. 732-733 Wallace, R. S. O. and Choudhury, M. S. I. And Pendelbary, M. 1997), Cash Flow Statements An International Comparison of Regulatory Positions, The International Journal of Accounting, Vol. 32, No, 1, pp. 1-22 Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 221 Appendix-1 List of the twelve Pharmaceutical companies studied. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. GlaxcoSmithKline Bangladesh circumscribed (2009) The IBN SINA Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd. (2009) BEXIMCO PHARMACEUTICAL LTD. (2009) huntsman INFUSION LTD. (2009) ACI Formulation Limited (2009) Ambee Pharmaceutical Limited (2009) Square Pharmaceutical Ltd. (2009) Libra Infusions Limited (2009) BEACOM Pharmaceuticals Limited (2009) Rahman Chemicals Limited (2009) Renata Limited (2009) Therapeutics (Bangladesh) Limited (2009)