Did Wordsworth or Coleridge Have Greater Influence on Modern Criticism? Essay

After a sketch introduction of the period that willing contrast the romantics with the cytosine that preceded them, we sh in either told kick in representation on to analyze the bulky poetical, divinatory experiment that slightly lead the Ur text of British romanticism musical B entirelyads. We sh t stunned ensemble research both the strange plan of melodic Ballads, and the implications of that plan for literary theory. In this elaborate opening summary, we shall consider the contri nonwithstandingions of the British quixotic poets. Our texts will be Wordsworths forgo to the musical Ballads,Coleridges Biographia Literaria,Shellys Defense of Poetry,Keats allowters.After this sign lecture on melodious Ballads itself, well thus devote atomic number 53 splatter(prenominal) to Wordsworth. Coleridge, and Shelly. Rather than devote an entire lecture to Keats, well consider Keats theories in relation back to those of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Shelly. So he wi ll be fitted in the additional talks. the c ar pontiff and Dryden, all four of our theorists were poets before they were critics. Thus their theory is a reflection of their birth poetic technique. Beca affair the four amatives were poets, when they wrote their criticism, they were doing so outwear of their own experience. So this gives a tiny oft practicality or pragmatic stain to their theory. straight the disaccordence is that theyre a uniform(p) Pope and Dryden in the thought that theyre poets, however, in that delight ins a big difference. The Romantics palmed the poet, win both(prenominal) of than the rules of decorum, as a source and touchst iodinness(a) of art.When we look at Pope and Dryden, especially the former, we invoice that they were theorists genuinely(prenominal) arouse in decorum, following those rules. inso out-of-the- personal manner(prenominal) well ascertain our poets/critics following the suppo simulateion of the poet. In addition , well find they fashion a parvenue social role for the poet, in palpableity polar from the eighteenth light speed ( distinguishedly to delight and teach or more precisely to teach and delight). different introductory matter is all four of our Romantics altered the epistemological theories of the Germans. instantly the Romantics atomic number 18 epistemologists1, unless t here(predicate)s a difference. Whereas the German epistemologists were stillpragmatic theorists and interested in the large-mindedred surrounded by the verse form and the audience, the British Romantics were what we power callexpressive epistemologists, interested in the relationship amidst the numbers and the poet.An opposite different is that whereas the theorists of the last snow demo an eighteenth atomic number 6 or Enlightenment orientation, occasionicularly square(a) in the case of Burke and Kant, as proto- or pre-Romatics, yet still very(prenominal) much interested in reason and an alysis. The Romantics very much define themselves in opposition to the Age of Reason. They borrow some thoughts from it, that basically they are a kind of revolution, a reaction against what was yetton on in the age before. at one era although they are still interested in kind faculties, ilk epistemology, they replace the eighteenth emphasis onanalysis, with a impertinent focalize on synthesis2. In addition, they privilege imagination eitherwhere reason and judgment. Of course, we talked somewhat this in instead some detail in the last unit.12 Origins of RomanticismSo before moving on to Lyrical Ballads, well evaluate one more occasion. There are three competing crimsonts for the cause or argumentation of Romanticism, that well rightful(prenominal) run- by quickly. Rousseaus ConfessionsThe first possible origin is the publication of Rousseaus Confessions in 1781, with itschampioning of the individual and its radical notion that the own(prenominal) life and id eas of a single individual, is matter worth of bang-up art. So the smashing Jean Jacques Rousseau, although he lived and died in the eighteenth century, rattling is one of the great origins of Romanticism. He was one of the first commonwealth to dare to deliver an autobiography. Rousseau is theme an autobiography because he cogitates that he himself is matter deserving of great literature.That is a radically freshly idea, that you could spend a whole book, writing slightly yourself. Rousseau actually delight sin his individuality, assureing he is comical, no one is like him, when they made him, they broke the mold This is a radical, Romantic notion, which translates that the individual, kinda than society or God or anything else, should be at the center. So thats an origin or cause of Romanticism.French rotary motionThe trice one much discussed, is the start of the French Revolution, the storm of the Bastille in 1789. That neerthelesst offered the hope of not only sexual and international freedom, still now promised more radically that internal dreams could affect and even alter the external terra firma. In other nomenclature, the French Revolution not only showed that we fag end throw off our chains, that we alikeshie stir the origination, provided more radically, that an internal vision that people hit, of freedom, eject be run inton and projected onto the area, ever-changing it in accordance with their dreams. Thats very Romantic, as well jut out in this unit. Lyrical BalladsFinally, the third origin, which we are most interested in, is the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798, and what it was followed inwardly 1800, when a second edition was published, to which Wordsworth added a preface. at a time in this lecture well look at the Lyrical Ballads of 1798, while the bordering lecture looks at the preface itself because the preface in some miens, squarely caused the revolution, even more than Lyrical Ballad, tho we ll split them up. So why is Lyrical Ballads a third source? It championed rising subjects for rhyme, and a new approach to those subjects that intensifyd literary theory forever. So thats what well do in this lecture, by showing how Lyrical Ballads did just that. Wordsworth and Coleridge planned unitedly Lyrical Ballads, requisiteing to train it a new kind of poetic volume. at a time as some of you may know already, the tremblership between Wordsworth and Coleridge is one of the most wonderful in all of literary theory.It was one of the most artistically stimulating friendships, perhaps of all time. It was unique and the devil men really played off each other, dish outing the other in terms of strength and weaknesses, so that to braceher they did some great things. It was fruitful in terms of numbers and theory. Now the origin of Lyrical Ballads is described a circumstantial by Wordsworth in his stick in, scarce if you want to really learn of the origin, you want to re ad chapter 14 of Coleridges Biographia Literaria, his autobiography. Its a wonderful reading and is excerpted in Critical Reading Since Plato. In 1797, Wordsworth and Coleridge were neighbors in the resplendent Lake District in northern England. They spent some days discussing and talking nigh song and life, doing what British retire to do up there, taking long walks along the beautiful grass they gain there. Theyd walk, talk, and permit their mind run free. So out of these conversations, they conceived the idea of composing a series of verse forms of two distinct still completing kinds. Neither remembered who first came up with the idea, plainly they decided to both pen different kinds of poems, yet they would complement each other in a special right smart. These two kinds of poems and how they complemented each other is now discussed.The former kind of poem, from Wordsworth, would select its only ifts from nature, from the common, mundane, routine instauration of the stateside and its inha secondmentants. In short, these poems would focusing on things so familiar, that we often overlook them, things whose very commonness renders them invisible. In other words, he would strickle everyday things of nature, unsophisticated farmers victuals in the Lake District as subject matters not prosperous people, aristocrats, but common everyday things, people and purposes on nature. That would be the source or object of the poetry. However, what made these objects unique is rather than merely copy or record these things in a straight mimetic fashion, rather than simply describing the object, the poet would throw over them an fanciful coloring that would allow his readers to descry them afresh. In other words, the trouble with everyday things is that we see them so often, we take them for granted. We dont even notice them anymore.They lose their closed book and wonder. Weve got a elucidate of tired clich, to s clear up and facial expression t he roses. comfortably, here we might say, we need to obstruct and SEE the roses. We miss the mystery of it all. The best example of this, comes from painting. The great Romantic painter Vincent van Gogh, weve all seen some of his pictures of sunflowers. until now the first time you see any of them, you think to yourself, my God, Ive never seen a sunflower before, I missed something all along. Well the similar thing van Gogh does in his painting, is what Wordsworth is passage to do in his poems. By lending these objects, these common things, a piece of novelty, the poet wants to evoke a sense of babe-like wonder in his reader, a olfaction more often associated with the super graphic than with the raw(a). Again, he wants us to see it afresh, as if weve never seen it before, the manner a child sees the world.Every time a child sees the moon in the evening, its a whole new experience. Its beautiful, its exciting, they grab their parents and say, look up there, isnt it witchin g(prenominal)? Well thats what Wordsworth wants to restore in us, not childish, but child-like. Now this process by which the veil of familiarity is suddenly, mystically, ripped a counselling(predicate) from everyday objects, is known as defamiliarization. Now what do we mean by the veil of familiarity? We all can understand the veil of mystery. Certain mysteries like death, we cant in full pierce through, because theyre a mystery. tho the veil of familiarity means that when something becomes so familiar because we see it every day, we dont see it anymore, so its as if a veil has covered it, were lacking it. Were not seeing it.Defamiliarization means that suddenly through poetry, our familiarity is ripped a track and were compel to look at it, as if for the first time. Coleridge says that most men are like what God says of the Jews in Isaiah VI, we accommodate eye but we do not see. Recall we perplex eye but do not see, ears but do not hear. They are like their idols. Well many an(prenominal) times that happens to us as surface. We see it, but we dont really see it. Defamiliarization opens our eyes to the wonders around us. Its apocalyptic, it rips away the veil or covering, to allow us to see the true mystery that lurks rear end. Now as weve said, Wordsworth was responsible for this portion of Lyrical Ballads, and he composed a series of poems centered around such(prenominal) humble, coarse characters, as Simon Lee, Goody Blake, and the Idiot Boy.Believe it or not, those are the titles of some of his rustic people, not the kind that an 18th century poet would think worthy of writing any kind of dependable poem most. They are very simple, rustic characters, usually illiterate, or barely literate. Yet despite their commonness, Wordsworths poems infuse them with arrogance, power, and mystery. Romanticism is much more democratic. It sees the dignity in the common. The 18th century looked towards the aristocratic, to the refined. So thats what Words worth does in his portion of Lyrical Ballads. oneness way to put it is that he takes natural objects and makes them seem almost supernatural.The latter kind of poem, which Coleridge did, would select its object from the realm of the supernatural, so it goes the other way. Wordsworth takes the natural and makes it supernatural, while Coleridge takes the supernatural and makes it natural. His Rhyme of the Ancient seaman, Coleridges main contribution to Lyrical Ballads, is richly suffused with supernatural characters and events. Its a magical, hidden sea journey that takes place in this world, but is really in another world. Its a place of mystery, straight out of the Arabian Nights or something So just as Wordsworth presents his natural objects in such a way as to stimulate an almost supernatural response, so Coleridge presents his supernatural world in such a way as to render it almost natural. Thats what we mean when we say that they are complementary, as opposed to simply opposi tes. Now, Coleridge accomplished this poetic feat, by uncovering behind the supernatural veil of his tale, prominent and emotional truths. In other words, yes the score of the Mariner is supernatural, not really a part of our world, terminally.Yet the dramatic and emotional truths,whats exhalation on in his psyche as he goes through the journey, are realistic. So we can identify with them, and they do seem very real and natural. Also, our recognition of the psychological truth of the Mariners journey, compels us to give to the poem, our willing suspension of disbelief. Many of you need heard that phrase before. This famous Coleridgean phrase,signifies our qualification to temporarily appropriate the claims of reason and logic, and to enter, through the power of the sympathetic imagination, into the life and heart of the poem. In other words, he delivers it in such a way, that he gets us as readers to say all right, I know this is not real, I know its a fantasy. Yet Im going to forget somewhat that now, or Im going to avoid that. Im going to bear into the poem, via sympathetic imagination, live toward the poem, just as when were in sympathy with a person, we cause towards that person. So we are going to allow ourselves to just comport the poem as true.For in fact, dramatically and psychologically, it is true. So were going to suspend all that logical, mathematical-side of ourselves, and just enter into that world which Coleridge creates. Now another aspects of this, is that Coleridge tells us, to inspire in its readers, this moment of what he calls poetic faith, the poem must invite them into a higher realm of illusion, rather than merely delude them with fanciful images and events. So the distinction between illusion and delusion. Illusion is when we are pulled into it and say, ah what a beautiful world, its not real and yet it is real. Its an illusion, like that of the stage. duplicity is when we suddenly feel like were being manipulated and f ooled.The best way to get the distinction is to do so in terms of movies. The tip Wars films are the best example of illusion. They take us away to a long time ago in a galaxy far away. Now this is total fantasy, yet we buy-into their illusion because theyre so real, the relationships and whatnot going on, all seem so real to us, that we move into these movies and accept them as such. The Batman movies are examples of delusion. If any of you have bothered to see them, they are so phony that you feel manipulated and deluded. Maybe some teenagers buy it, but we certainly do not buy those worlds as real. Perhaps even the director does not either, so how can we? You feel deluded, so you sit there and watch, perhaps entertained by special effects, yet were not being moved in any emotional level, as in Star Wars or other best movies. Implications of Lyrical BalladsNow with the idea of this basic plan, lets tell you about the implications of Lyrical Ballads, to the tale of literary theo ry. why is it so grievous and central? Lyrical Ballads, calls for a new kind of mimesis. That rather than simply heed or even perfect its object, it transforms it into something rich and strange. That is to say, nature or supernature, is merely the joint for the poem. The poetic act itself, the transformation, is the real predict. In other words, the point of the poems in Lyrical Balladsis not the object itself, not merely to record the object. Although this is raise and key, it isnt not the key bunk in the poem.So what the poem is really about, is what Wordsworth or Coleridge do with that object, how they transform it through their poetic imagination. They change it into something new. Thats what its about, the poetic process, rather than about the object. So its about the subject then, if you will, thats the importance of epistemology. In other words, its not the rules of decorum that control the art, but the imaginative vision of the poet that particularizes the plaster bandage and end of the poem. Thats why expressive theories are interested in the relationship between the poem and poet, because its the poets perceptive powers that determine what the poem is going to be like.Even more radically, the plan or Lyrical Ballads carries out a supreme form of epistemology in which objects or things take their ultimate nature not from what they are, but from howthey are perceive by the poet. This is radical, and since this is epistemological, science is important. Yet now, really, the object is not even important at all. Now, the way we perceive the object, is what it becomes. The object now is a miscellany of what it is, and what we make it.William BlakeThis is very interesting and needs further explaining. Wordsworth and Coleridge were certainly influenced even more than they were by the Germans by a great poet named William Blake with his masterpiece, The Songs of whiteness and get wind. In this work, Blake demonstrates how the same images and e vents, take on a different coloring, form, and reality, when thinkinged through the eyes of innocence and experience. The subtitle of his work, Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul, conveys suddenly the radical Romantic belief that things are as they are perceived, and that we half-create the world around us. Lets explain further once again. The Songs of Innocence and Experience have two volumes of poetry, meant to be conjugated in concert. Often, there will be a poem in the Songs of Innocence, which has a pair in the Songs of Experience. For instance, there are two poems called the Chimney sweeper, on in Innocence, one in Experience.Theyre both about the horrible reality of these little boys who were forced to clean chimneys. It was a awe-inspiring job involving social manipulation, and many died young from cancer and all kinds of diseases. Yet in the world of Innocence, even though there is horrible exploitation, the focus of that poem is innocence. Its on how the child-like faith and innocence can pass over above the horrors of social exploitation. The meter reading in experience though, we always see the exploitation and manipulation. In other words, the world, the reality, the event, is withdrawly the same, but because theperceptive point of hatful in each poem is different, it makes everything else different. So things are not as they are, but as they are perceived. We create the world around us. causa for perceptive point of enamorYou are somewhere. Its around 9 in the evening, and youre about to walk out to go home, and its raining. Now the same exact setting, yet a different emphasise now. further before one walks out to go home in the rain, her friend of many years is visiting, and theyre excited because theyve been waiting for this contacting, so its a beautiful rain, and youre just on top of the world. On the other hand, before the other miss walks out into the rain, her friend of four years has just died. You are jus t horrified by that. You both walk into the rain, and now each is to write a poem/fiction/nonfiction about the rainstorm. Its the same rain, same time of day, same place. So what are we saying here? Its the exact same rain, so shouldnt their poems be the same then? Why instead are their poems so different? Each is working out of a different perceptive mood.The state of their soul is different. superstar girl is in a state of innocence, while the other is in a state of experience, a more cynical state. So their world in which they see the storm, is now colored by whats going on in their soul. Another example is whenever youre mad, we always say that youre seeing red Its as if everything you see is covered by that color. That is what it means for things to be as they are perceived. This is what it sometimes called the externalization of the internal, because what happens is you take something inside you, and externalize or project it onto the world. Now this concept lies behind the Romantic faith that if the doors of perception were cleansed, everything would appear as it is, infinite.Thats something Blake says, and he was most radical in this idea. In other words, if we could just see it right, everything would be beautiful. Now we should say that this Romantic thing has a dreary side to it as well. It very easily can fall into what we like to call the abyss of solipsism3. What is the latter? Its the belief that the entire world is a projection of you. Its kind of like a child thats autistic, where they live in their own little world, as if the world is the way they see it. When a child plays peek-a-boo they cover their eyes and infix if they cant see you, then you cant see them. Thategocentrism is very dangerous to fall into, like this solipsism where you think the world is a reflection of yourself.Many dont realize that the religion of Christian Science, though most perhaps dont follow this and are just like regular Christians, their real doctrine is actu ally a rubbish more eastern than western. Pure Christian Science, Mary bread maker Eddy, believed that disease is not really a physical thing, that its un favorable perception. So if we can just think of ourselves as being well, then well actually be well. For even sin, disease, and evil, all are just pernicious perceptions. We dont see the world right, which is almost a kind of Hindu concept. Again, most Christian Scientists probably dont purely follow that, so are more like regular Christians. Yet interestingly, this system is very close to Blake, this idea that you can change the world by the way you perceive it.Now this new, more radical epistemology, places the poet and his perceptions at the center of literary theory. Poetry is now to be regarded as self-expression, as a journey of the unique perceptions of an individual. Now what poetry really is, is self-expression. Its whats inside thats coming out. So now, when we read a poem, what we want to read about, is his poem an d his unique perceptions of the world. A break in decorumOne more thing that Lyrical Ballads changed is that it shifted old 18th century notions of decorum, which declared certain subjects unfit for serious poetry. Recall that for the neo-Classicists, and to a fault for the Classicists as well, poetry should be write about serious people, aristocrats, kings, knights, princes, all of that stuff. Well, the rustics treated by Wordsworth would have been subjects for prank in the 18th century Yet Wordsworth ennobles them to tragic heights No one in the 18th century would write a serious tragic poem about Goody Blake or the Idiot Boy. They might write a comedy about that, but not anything serious. So this is a big change in the subjects for poetry. Lyrical Ballads withal breaks with the neo-Classical world, by as sievement the realms of the real and ideal. Indeed, it often sees the ideal in the real, the supernatural, the natural, and vice versa. In other words, a break in decorum, so that were mixing things.We shouldnt be mixing real and ideal, supernatural and natural, but should keep those things separate. Wordsworth and Coleridge have no worry breaking decorum, which is one aspect of Romanticism. Finally, not only does Lyrical Ballads often take children as its subject, but it privileges their nave sense of wonder, their freshness and innocence, over the refined urbanity and studied wit of the 18th century. Lets move away from this elitist idea of refinement and urbanity. The whole city court-life of the 18th century is in many ways spurned by the Romantics. They want to move to a new way of seeing the world. So its not childish, but child-like. They want to see the world afresh and with wonder like a child does. Again, thats a big break from the 18th century, which for the Romantics was dummy and unnatural.William Wordsworths come beforeThis space will be consecrate to a close analysis to Wordsworths Preface to Lyrical Ballads. We shall explore how he radically redefines both the nature of poetry and the poet, as well as the function of poetry and the poet in society. We shall conclude with a brief look at Keats famous distinction negative efficiency and the fruitless sublime. Lyrical Ballads was published in 1798, and the preface does not come until the second edition of in 1800. The reason was that the first edition did very well, and many people said theyd like to know what these poets were thinking about, if there were a theory behind all this. Now really, Coleridge should have been the one to write the preface, as he was the much more critical and philosophical of the pair. Yet Coleridge had a way of putting things off and being a little bit s separatehful, so it fell to Wordsworth. Indeed, this may have changed history because although he was not first and foremost a critic, this sent him in a critical way he probably wouldnt have gone if Coleridge hadnt turned the buck over, so to speak, to Wordsworth. Now, in his Prefac e to Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth redefines the nature and status of poetry, along expressive lines.Once again, these theories are interested in the relationship between the poem and the poet. Rather than treat poetry as an imitation of an action (mimetic theories), or as an object fashioned to teach and please a specific audience (pragmatic theories), Wordsworth, who was expressive, sees poetry as a personal reflection of the poets interactions with himself and his world. Again, this is the idea of poetry as self-expression, which is basically taken for granted today. So this concept is essentially invented by the Romantics, Of course, this is not to say that Wordsworth is unconcerned with imitating or teaching and pleasing. He is very much, as well see later in this lecture. Yet these theoretical concerns, imitation, teaching, and pleasing, now are going to flow directly out of his view of the poet. So hes interested in imitation, teaching, and pleasing, yet he now looks at those things from a new perspective or point of view, that of the poet.What is poetryS1 ?As we maxim in our previously, its not the rules of decorum anymore, but the visionary imagination of the poet that is now to become the source and endof poetry. In a famous phrase, Wordsworth defines poetry as the spontaneous outflow of respectable feelings. That is to say, as an externalization of the internal emotions, moods, and perceptions, of the poet where the poet takes what is inside of him and projects it, or externalizes it, onto the world. This spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings is where the feelings inside are overflowing and spilling onto the page, onto the world. Again, this is a radically different concept of what poetry is. Indeed, Wordsworths nature poetry is less a reflection on nature, than on the feelings and ideas excited in the poet as he contemplates nature. Theres a very bad stereotype that Romantics are all nature lovers, running around like nature boy and hugging tr ees.Now they safekeeping about nature, yet thats not so much what their poems are about, as their experience of nature, their reflection on nature. So thats a light misnomer, as they do care about nature, but the way we think of it, is really a misnomer. Wordsworth asserts that its really the feeling that gives importance to the action and not vice versa. In other words, the feeling is what were looking for, the action can be anything. So the action doesnt determine the feeling, but the feeling determines the action. cross out that this turns Aristotle on his head. Recall he said plot was more important that character? Well if Wordsworth wrote about drama, which he did not, he probably would have said that character is more important than plot. Its not the action, but the feeling that is at the heart of poetry.Rustic Versus urbanNevertheless, as I suggested before, there is a strong mimetic element to Wordsworths theory. Although hes interested in the expressive, there is a mimeti c element. He often wrote on rustic subjects, not so much because the country made him feel redeeming(prenominal), but because in such a setting, he matte that men were more in touch with elementary feelings and immutable truths. It was these essential passions, this emphatic unmediated kind of life that Wordsworth wanted to capture and embody in his poetry. There is something that he wants to imitate, that he wants to incarnate, to embody in his poetry. Its a kind of life or experience. He felt up that rustic life, because it was in touch with nature, was in touch with something that was more eternal. We all know that in the countryside, things change very slowly, whereas in the city, its the new fad, the new fashion, its whatever is fashionable today.Romantics dont like that They want things that stay the same. Its not to say that theyre more conservative, because theyre actually more liberal than the way we define it.Those words have changed in their meaning, but its saying t hey want to get at the essence of things, to what is emphatic, unmediated, direct and true. Wordsworth found that in the countryside, more than in the city. Indeed, for Wordsworth and all Romantics, the city court life of the 18th century poets, was something to them as artificial, insincere, and out of touch with the wellsprings of our humanity. Again, they dont like the city, and Jean Jacques Rousseau concord with that. We want to get away from the city, towards what is authentic. If you want to see a great Romantic movie, see the French flick Jean de Florette. Its about a man who leaves the city to seek what he calls the authentic. So he is a true Romantic, seeking the authentic. To sum up, Wordsworth looks to both the freer life of the country, and within his own heart, for real passions and truths.So the way he can be both expressive and have a mimetic element, is that when he looked inside of his soul, he saw that same eternal nature that he saw in the countryside. Both of th ose things come together in Wordsworths poetry. Wordsworth agree with Aristotle and with Sydney, that poetry is more philosophical than history, because it deals with both specific facts and general truths. So maybe we say he finds these specific facts in the countryside, but he wants to link them to general truths, to eternal things, those he finds that are even chummyer than he sees in the country, and deep inside of himself. Again, another thing on what were trying to say here is that for Wordsworth, self-expression is not an end in itself, but a means to reach that which is most permanent and universal. You see, that weve gone too far. People believe that self-expression is an end in itself. They think that all they have to do is express themselves, and thats worthy of art.The Romantics didnt go quite that far. Again, they opened the door for it, but for Wordsworth, again, self-expression is not an end in itself. Hes using it to get at eternal truths. Again, that makes Romantic s different than the post-Romantics of the modernistic era. That is, Wordsworths poetic verse, this is what well call Wordsworth poetic version of Kants inseparable universality. For Wordsworth believes that in describing his own feelings, the poet describes the feelings of all men. In other words, Wordsworth felt that by exploring his subjective experience, by getting his ideas onto the page, he felt he was likewise expressing what all men believe. Thats why Wordsworth believes that his self-expression is not lop-off from everything, but is linked into the eternal unchangingness of his belove Lake District. We want to make this distinction between modern self-expression, and original Romantic self-expression.Language of poetryS2Just as Wordsworth want to imitate the life and passions of his native Lake District, so he sought to imitate the simple, direct language of the country. He not only wants to capture their manners, view of life, and traditions, but he also wanted to imi tate their way of oration. Wordsworth rejected what to him was the phony poetic diction of the 18th century, with its purposelycontorted syntax and artificial poeticisms. When a Romantic reads Pope and others, he sees their poetic diction as phony. Now again, perhaps that isnt very genial, because to an 18th century person, thats what a poet is supposed to do. In other words, hes supposed to write poetry thats a totally different language. We would say with thees and thous, the sort of way the language and syntax are all turned and conflate around. In other words, to an 18th century person, he wants you to know that its poetry Lets put it that way.Yet again, the Romantics reject everything that to them seems artificial about the 18th century, and he believed their manners, their way of life, even their poetic diction, the way they wrote poetry, was to the Romantics, especially to Wordsworth, artificial. So Wordsworth adopted a more natural, less-mannered style, that mimicked the s yntax of good prose. He called it the real language of men, a famous Wordsworthian phrase. He actually said that good poetry is not that different from good prose.Its interesting because what hes saying is that he doesnt want a poetry with contorted syntax all over the place. He wants it pure, unmannered, and natural, the real language of men. Now, when 17 years later, Coleridge wrote his own version of the Preface, in his Biographia Literaria, he tried to go back and fix up the mistake that he made in not writing the Preface himself. By then, Wordsworth and Coleridge had gone through a falling out, unfortunately. So Coleridge would evade with the phrase, the real language of men, saying that Wordsworth went too far in his rustic manners of speech, saying thats not true.it seems that Coleridge is being a little unfair to Wordsworth, as Coleridge is taking it too literally. For just as Wordsworth hardened his expressivism with a mimetic focus on truth, in the same way he tempered h is celebration of the so-called real language of men. The poet, Wordsworth asserts, should not slavishly imitate the rustic, as Coleridge seemed to think he meant. Yet through a process of selection, he should cronk his natural speech of its grossness. In other words, poor people sometimes use a lot of profanity and whatnot. Wordsworth is not going to put that in, but will purge it and purify it. So again, Coleridge took it a bit too literally. When Wordsworth said real language of men, he meant a simple, unsophisticated kind of speech, but again, purified.Who is the poetS3 ?Just as Wordsworth redefined poetry, both subject-wise and language-wise, in the same way, Wordsworth offers us a new vision of the poet himself. For Wordsworth and all the Romantics, the questions of what is a poem, and what is a poet, are considered synonymous.If you understand what the poem is, you understand what the poet is, and vice versa. So, just as poetry is to be written in the real language of men, t he poet is to be a man speaking to men. That is to say, the poet is not to be viewed as a different creature, he is of the same kind as all other men, though he does differ in degree. In other words, the Romantics want to break from this 18th century idea of the coterie of poets. That is, poets as an elite little group who meet together and read to each other. They want to break from that idea. The poet is like every other man, like a man speaking to men, but he differs in degree. Hes like all men, but has a little bit more, again, breaking from the 18th century.So what is this degree that the poet has? What is this thing he has more of, than other people? Well. The poet possesses a more organic, all-around(prenominal) soul, than do other men. The phrase organic, comprehensive is interesting. In other words, hes got a bigger soul, we might say, that can just take everything into it. Wordsworth says he has a more lively sensibility, and is more in-touch with his feelings. This moder n idea that the poet should be all sensitive is very much a Romantic idea. Thats not to say that 18th century poets are insensitive, but the idea is that the Romantic ones have lively sensibilities, and they are in-touch with everything. Another way to put this is that the Romantic poets need little stimulation to experience deep emotion. Theyre so sensitive to things, that the tiniest touch, a sunflower, opens his heart. Indeed, they are ableto feel scatty sports as though they were present.They dont even need it there, but the memoryofS4 beauty will inspire the sensitive, comprehensive soul of the Romantic. Wordsworth says that he rejoices, in his own spirit of life, and seeks to discover that joy in the world around him. You know what? If he cant find the joy there, hell create it. Hell take the joy inside of him, and put it in the world. He wants joy around himS5 . The Romantic poet also has a rich store of memories that he can tap for poetic inspiration. Romanticism is very m uch based on personal memory and bringing that up, being able to tap it. Also, they are not only able to call-up the memory, but they are actually able to relive their memory and the emotions attached to them. often of Wordsworths greatest poetry is a memory of his childhood. Wordsworth was able to actually re-experience his childhood with all those emotions that were attached to it. Thats how sensitive he was, how in-touch with his feelings he was.Today, we would call it being in-touch with his feminine side. Actually Romantic poetry is much more feminine than masculine, and tends to be very popular with women, who always love Romantic poets, because they are more feminine, in-touch with that side. Another, a Romantic poet can experience an inner-mood of tranquility and pleasure. Once he gets into that mood, he can hold onto it, at least for a little while, as he writes. A final aspect of the Romantic poet, is that he is a lover of his faller man, who honors what Wordsworth call s the native, naked, dignity of man. He does this by humanizing all things in accordance with the human heart. Louis wrote his sermon on Wordsworth, who is one of the people that drew him into English. The reason he loves him, is that he treats humanity with such respect, whether in the court or in the countryside, he loves humanity and believed we were all linked together.The 18th century people loved satire, such as Jonathan Swift, an 18th century character. Yet there is very little satire in Romanticism. They dont want to cut down and criticize, but they want to bring together, so theres a love of man. The Romantic poet is a friend of man, says Wordsworth, who binds all things together with passion and love. Whereas the scientist seeks truth as an abstract idea, the poet rejoices in the presence of truth, as our visible friend and hourly companion. For scientists, truth is abstract. For a Romantic poet, he is what a true philosopher should be. What does philosophy mean? Its the love of wisdom. Well thats what the Romantics are. They love this truth and seek it as if it were a real flesh and blood person. Thats why their poetry is so human.Indeed, its interesting Wordsworth prophesied that if science were ever to become so familiar an object that it would take on flesh and blood. Then it would be the poet and not the scientist who would help transform and humanize science into a kindred spirit. Now Wordsworth was living at the very beginning of the industrial revolution, and science was just taking over. Yet if Wordsworth lived today, where science and technology have become a part of our world, of who we are, he would probably write odes to science and technology. For he would believe that it would be his role as a poet,to take science and humanize it, and make it a part of who we are. So Wordsworth is not just rejecting science or those things, only because they werent really a part of people at that point, but once they do become a part of it, the Romant ic poet will humanize it, and make it part of the human experience.Functions of poetry shape of CitiesFinally, Wordsworth ascribes to the poet and poetry, a new social function, very different from the social function of the 18th century. Wordsworth warns against the ill effects of urbanization and industrializationS6 . We remind you that this is just get-go right now, and Wordsworth is credibly prophetic about it. He says that the massing of men into cities, and the clamant drudgery of their jobs, produces in them an ignoble craving after extraordinary incident, and a degrading thirst after outrageous stimulation.Wordsworth felt this was terribly unnatural, get-up-and-go people into cities. Do you know that capital of the United Kingdom was the biggest city since the Roman Empire. In other words, no city was as large as Rome, until London 1800 years later. So this is something new, the real massing of men into cities. This assembly-line work, over and over again, Wordsworth fel t this to be terribly unnatural, and it killed the soul. What happens to these people is that their senses grow dull, and they need grosser, more violent, and more scandalous stimulants to satisfy their blunted psyches. So they need more and more, in order to rise them up.Now Wordsworth calls this state of emotional and spiritual deadness, this detriment of the ability to be moved by simple beauty and truth, he calls it savage torpor. He sees people in the city, walking around sort of insensitive, cut-off, callous to the world, no longer picking-up on things, a degrading thirst after outrageous stimulation. The city destroys the souls of its inhabitants. Theyre just banged over the head, again and again. So what happens is that they lose their insidiousty, their ability to appreciate small or subtle things.For Wordsworth, this is a terrible thing. This is a killing of the soul, in a way like what Longinus4 said about materialism and hedonism, which kills our soul. This again, is s omething that blunts our powers. Well as you might guess, Wordsworth then, saw it as the role of poetry to restore this lost ability to be sensitive, to really bring us back to ourselves. Wordsworth felt that poetry, by enlarging and refining our sensibilities, has the power to re-humanize us, to bring us back into the human community. Wordsworth is serious about this, and Romantic poetry has helped to bring them back in-touch with themselves, to make them stop and see the roses, the way Vincent van Gogh does in his painting. He says Romantic poetry restores our child-like wonder, and revives our ability to take joy and delight in the natural world, and in the tranquilize beatings of our heart. Again, theres so much name in the world out there, and the Romantics help us to be quiet and listen again, to hear again, because weve grown deaf. For we have ears and do not hear, eyes and do not see.Now considering this new social function, poetry is more, not less, necessary in an indus trial age, than in a rural outlandish age sometimes people will say that this is a proficient industrial age, so we dont need poetry Wordsworth would say no, we need it more because people are more and more out of touch with themselves, so they need poetry even more. The rustics dont need it as much, because theyve got it all around them, so to speak. Its in an industrial and technological age, when we really need it. Now we might note here, that although Wordsworth rejects the refinement and wit of the 18th century, he does promote a new aristocracy of sensitivity. You could say that hes elitist in a way hes also heading towards being a bit elitist. So there is a kind of aristocracy, but its one of refinement and sensitively, rather than of courtly manners and whatnot. Wordsworth was educated at Cambridge, but you see him as a kind of man of the people.He doesnt come across as an academic in any way. So finally, Wordsworth says that though poetry does instruct, it does teach as w e saw, it exists first and foremost to give pleasure. Wordsworth says it is through pleasure that poetry draws us back into touch with our world, our fellow man, and ourselves. So entertainment and pleasure are very important to the RomanticsS7 . In fact, in a weird way, its even more important than the neo-Classicists, because the Romantics believed that pleasure is actually something that unites them. ring of the joy, the happiness of a wedding, and the way were united by that joy. Well thats what Wordsworth wanted, a joy and pleasure in the poetry. The pleasure that poetry gives, is no mere entertainment. In other words, its the very spirit through which we know and live. So in the same way that Schiller says we should not look down on playacting in the play drive, Wordsworth says dont look down on pleasure.Thats good, for poets should give pleasure. The final note now includes a bit about John Keats and something he says in one of his letters. He wrote no essays of literary th eory by the way, but in letters hes sent to people, there is literary theory embedded in it. In one of them, John Keats makes a distinction between what he called negative capability, and the egotistical sublime. This distinction offers an interesting critique on Wordsworth, and thats why it is included here. Lets define these terms. Whereas poets who posses negative capability are able to enter into the lives of other beings, and see the world from their perspective, those possessing the type of the egotistical sublime, always mediate their visions of the world, through their own strong, dominant personalities. Lets give an example. Shakespeare is the ultimate example of negative capability, where one can move out of themselves, towards other people, even losing themselves in other people.Think about how Shakespeare loses himself in his characters. You cannot say, although people try to, but you cant say that Hamlet, MacBeth, or Othello is Shakespeare. None of them are Shakespeare He loses himself in his creations, in his characters. Thats negative capability. Milton and Wordsworth would be the other. Egotistical sublime means rather than moving out, you draw everything to yourself. Milton, even when hes writing about God and paradise, is still writing about himself, in one way or another. In a way, Wordsworth is always writing about himself and his perceptions as well. Yet that doesnt mean hes callous, as its just about his perceptions. Now to link Wordsworth to the egotistical sublime, is not to say that he is arrogant or selfish. Thats not what he means. His genius is such that it both draws all things to itself, and colors all things by its perceptions. So egotistical does not mean like we think of it, as individual being all stuck-up, or something pompous. What it means is that his ego, his personality, is so strong, that he draws everything to it. One of the reasons we read Wordsworth, is because were interested in him, and his perspective on the wor ld.Coleridge also noted in his Biographia Literaria so that he would agree with Keats in this respect that even in his poetic studies of others, Wordsworth is finally a spectator ab extra (Latin for a spectator from the outside). What he was saying was that although Wordsworth had sympathy, he never really had empathy. Wordsworth was able to feel for people, yet in a way, Wordsworth could never really enter into the rustic, and see the world through their eyes. Thats just a different kind of person than he was. A little bit more about negative capability now. Keats desire to move out of himself, this negative capability because he wanted to be a negative capability person, not an egotistical sublime is not so much a rejection of, as an antidote to, the Romantic belief that things are as they are perceived. That idea is more egotistical sublime, where everything is the way you perceive it. Keats is not so much rejecting that, as he wants to find an antidote to it. Lets explain.K eats noticed that this strong focus on the poet and his perception that weve been talking about, often leads to the Romantic disease of over self-consciousness. In other words, what happens is that the poet thinks so much, that he loses his ability to feel and experience the world directly. Sometimes because of this subjective epistemological perspective, what happens is the Romantics think too much. You all know, well all been through this, when we think too much, it sort of ruins things. This is a terrible irony, because what happens is that the Romantic is forced to choose between that direct unmediated vision of the world that he wants and desires, and his own poetic practice, that says everything is a perception of reality.Do you understand that angst here? In one way, they want to be unconscious, unmediated, direct, and emphatic. While their process of poetry keeps making them self-conscious, overly so. So they cant just applaud anything, because theyre thinking too much Keat s wants to break away from that. Finally, lets mention that in unit five, well look at an anti-Romantic turn, a turn away from the Romanticists. Those people in the next unit, are going to reject the struggle between the unconscious and super self-conscious, in favor of a more neutral, objective view of poetry. Theyre going to use Keats negative capability as a springboard for this more impersonal view of poetry.